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Imaging methods by the means of optical sensors are applied in diverse scientific areas such as medical research and diagnostics, aerodynamics, environmental analysis, or marine research. After a general introduction to the field, this review is focused on works published between 2012 and 2022. The covered topics include planar sensors (optrodes), nanoprobes, and sensitive coatings. Advanced sensor materials combined with imaging technologies enable the visualization of parameters which exhibit no intrinsic color or fluorescence, such as oxygen, pH, CO2, H2O2, Ca2+, or temperature. The progress on the development of multiple sensors and methods for referenced signal read out is also highlighted, as is the recent progress in device design and application formats using model systems in the lab or methods for measurements’ in the field.
Räumliche Konstellationen, Radikalisierungspotenziale und raumbezogene Radikalisierungsprävention
(2023)
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the capability to analyze vast amounts of data and has been applied in various healthcare sectors. However, its effectiveness in aiding pharmacotherapy decision-making remains uncertain due to the intricate, patient-specific, and dynamic nature of this field.
Objective
This study sought to investigate the potential of AI in guiding pharmacotherapy decisions using clinical data such as diagnoses, laboratory results, and vital signs obtained from routine patient care.
Methods
Data of a previous study on medication therapy optimization was updated and adapted for the purpose of this study. Analysis was conducted using R software along with the tidymodels extension packages. The dataset was split into 74% for training and 26% for testing. Decision trees were selected as the primary model due to their simplicity, transparency, and interpretability. To prevent overfitting, bootstrapping techniques were employed, and hyperparameters were fine-tuned. Performance metrics such as areas under the curve and accuracies were computed.
Results
The study cohort comprised 101 elderly patients with multiple diagnoses and complex medication regimens. The AI model demonstrated prediction accuracies ranging from 38% to 100% for various cardiovascular drug classes. Laboratory data and vital signs could not be interpreted, as the effect and dependence were unclear for the model. The study revealed that the issue of AI lag time in responding to sudden changes could be addressed by manually adjusting decision trees, a task not feasible with neural networks.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the AI model exhibited promise in recommending appropriate medications for individual patients. While the study identified several obstacles during model development, most were successfully resolved. Future AI studies need to include the drug effect, not only the drug, if laboratory data is part of the decision. This could assist with interpreting their potential relationship. Human oversight and intervention remain essential for an AI-driven pharmacotherapy decision support system to ensure safe and effective patient care.
Während das Ertragswertverfahren nach IDW S1 mit Hilfe des Capital Asset Pricing Models (CAPM) die Kapitalkosten aus den Verhältnissen am Kapitalmarkt zum Bewertungsstichtag ableitet, arbeitet das vereinfachte Ertragswertverfahren nach §§ 199 ff. BewG für Stichtage seit dem Jahr 2016 mit einem festen Multiplikator. Veränderliche Kapitalmarktzinsen auf der einen und ein feststehender Multiplikator auf der anderen Seite führen stichtagsabhängig zu Unterschieden im Bewertungsergebnis. Angesichts der aktuellen Rechtsprechung des BFH, der gestiegenen Kapitalmarktzinsen und veränderlicher Risikofaktoren sollen für die Jahre ab 2016 für den Marktdurchschnitt und für ausgewählte Branchen die so ermittelten Kapitalkosten mit dem Multiplikator nach § 203 BewG verglichen werden. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem kurzen Fazit zur Verfahrenswahl.
Hintergrund.ZurQualitätssicherungund
WeiterentwicklungvonBGF-Maßnahmen
(betrieblicheGesundheitsförderung) istes
vonInteresse,einenÜberblicküberwissen
schaftlichuntersuchteBGF-Maßnahmenin
denletztenzweiJahrzehntenzuerlangen.
Zielsetzung.WissenschaftlichevaluierteBGF
MaßnahmenausdenJahren2000–2020wer
denmithilfederinderPraxisdurchdenGKV
SpitzenverbandeingesetztenThemenfelder
aufdiethematischenEntwicklungen,den
Nutzen,aberauchdieSchwächenfürdie
ÜbertragbarkeitindiePraxishinanalysiert.
Methode.EinesystematischeLiteraturrecher
chefürdenPublikationszeitraumzwischen
2000und2020wurdeinzweielektronischen
Datenbankendurchgeführt.
Ergebnisse.DieEinschlusskriterienerfüllten
41Artikel.DiemeistenderindenStudien
durchgeführtenundevaluiertenBGF
MaßnahmenwarenkeineEinzelmaßnahmen,
sondernstelltenProgrammedar. Inihnen
wurdenmehrereThemenfeldergleichzeitig
adressiert.Insgesamtzeigtensichdieinden
StudienuntersuchtenBGF-Maßnahmensehr
heterogen.ZumEndedesUntersuchungszeit
raumesnahmdieAnzahlanPublikationen
zu.
Schlussfolgerung.DieimLeitfadenPräventi
onvorgegebenenBGF-Themenfeldersindbis
aufeinThemenfeldausgewogenvertreten.
DieStudienzudenBGF-Maßnahmen
sindbezogenaufdieVerständlichkeitder
angewendetenDidaktikundMethodikoft
nureingeschränktnachvollziehbarund
somitschwerindieorganisationalePraxis
übertragbar.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund. Zur qualitätsbasierten
Weiterentwicklungeffizienter und bedarfs
orientierter Maßnahmen der betrieblichen
Gesundheitsförderung (BGF) ist es von
Interesse, einen Einblick in Ihren Aufbau,
die Ausgestaltung und den Ablauf der
Maßnahmender letztenzwei Jahrzehntezu
erlangen.
Zielsetzung. Auf Basis der arbeitsschutzori
entierten Leitliniendes GKV-Spitzenverbands
wird untersucht, ob vor der Umsetzung
von BGF-Maßnahmen Bedarfserhebungen
mittels Ist-Analysen durchgeführt wurden.
Zusätzlich wird betrachtet,ob die Analysen
„weiche“ Faktoren wie Kultur, Führung und
Beziehungsklima beinhalten. Weiter wird
analysiert, welche wissenschaftlichenTheori
en undModelle denMaßnahmenzugrunde
liegen. Zudem führt die Untersuchungeine
Wirksamkeitsbetrachtungdurch, um zu
ermitteln, welche Effekte die Maßnahmen
erzielten.
Methode. Das vorliegende Literatur-Review
untersucht wissenschaftlichevaluierte BGF
Maßnahmenaus den Jahren 2000–2020.
Hierzu wurde eine systematischeLitera
turrecherche in den zwei elektronischen
DatenbankenScopus und Web of Science
für den benannten Publikationszeitraum
durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse. Die Einschlusskriterienerfüllten
41Artikel.Nur4derStudienführteneine
Ist-Analyse zur Bedarfsbestimmung von
BGF-Maßnahmendurch. 25 Studien führten
Ist-Analysen im Rahmen der Maßnahmen
durch, alle waren arbeitsschutzorientiert.Vier
Studien inkludierten in ihrer Erhebung zu
Beginn Teilaspektevon weichen Faktoren. In
12 Studienwurdenden evaluiertenInterven
tionen unterschiedliche wissenschaftliche
Theorien und Modelle zugrunde gelegt. Alle
Studien berichtetenmindestensfür einzelne
Untersuchungsparametervon positiven
Effekten.
Schlussfolgerung. Vor dem Hintergrund
des Strukturwandels der Wirtschaft und der
beständig zunehmenden Humanisierung
der Arbeit spielen wissenschaftsbasierte
Analyseinstrumentezur Bedarfsbestimmung
eine große Rolle. Zukünftige Analyseinstru
mentesolltenvon derWissenschaftkonzipiert
und erprobt werden und zusätzlich zur
Arbeitsschutzorientierung die immateriellen,
weichen Faktoren Kultur, Führung und
Beziehungsklima beinhalten. Trotz der
Empfehlungen, Maßnahmenauf Grundlage
von Theorien und Modellen zu konzipieren,
wurde dieses Potenzial von nur wenigen
wissenschaftlichevaluiertenStudien genutzt.
Die Wirksamkeitsbetrachtungzeigt, dass alle
Studien mindestensfür Teile Ihrer Evaluation
von positiven Effekten berichten. Dieses
Untersuchungsergebnisdes Reviewsweist auf
ein Publikationsbiashin
Der Artikel, behandelt das Projekt PATIENCE, welches die Implementierung von Advanced Practice Nurses (APN) in der alterstraumatologischen Versorgung eines deutschen Universitätsklinikums zum Ziel hat. Der Hintergrund des Projekts liegt in der steigenden Anzahl alterstraumatologischer Patient*innen und deren komplexen Versorgungsbedarfen. Diese Patient*innen haben häufig multiple Erkrankungen und erfordern eine Kombination aus akutmedizinischer und rehabilitativer Versorgung.
Das Projekt PATIENCE strebt eine bedarfsorientierte Entwicklung und Implementierung von APN an, die auf die spezifischen Bedürfnisse dieser Patient*innen eingehen. Dazu werden internationale Literaturstudien durchgeführt und qualitative Interviews mit Patient*innen, Angehörigen und dem multiprofessionellen Team durchgeführt. Ziel ist es, ein Rollen- und Aufgabenprofil für APN zu entwickeln und dieses über auf einer Modellstation zu pilotieren.
Die Einführung von APN wird als eine mögliche Lösung angesehen, um den wachsenden Anforderungen in der Pflege gerecht zu werden. APN sollen durch ihre spezialisierte Ausbildung und Qualifikation die Versorgung koordinieren, eigenverantwortlich agieren und die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit fördern.
What constitutes social work is a central question in theory building. If social work wants to be more than a model idea, we cannot answer this question without looking at social work practice.
The article presents ‘doing social work’ as an approach to theorising social work through
ethnographic research. In addition to the basic theoretical and methodological characteristics of the approach, we present four modes of doing social work, which have been developed based on a comparison of different ethnographic studies in different fields: deciding in uncertainty; playing with ambiguity; using categories of difference; and disciplining the everyday. In the following, the mode of playing with ambiguity will be singled out and presented in detail, as it has an important impact on doing relationship while doing social work. In the article, we will use ethnographic data and examples to show how actors actively deal with different roles without making this explicit.
Freiwilligkeit hat im Kontext von Lernbegleitung eine hohe Relevanz. Als ein wesentliches Merkmal gilt es, dieses bei der Gestaltung und Reflexion zu berücksichtigen und genau zu beleuchten (Pätzold & Ulm, 2015). Die Evaluationsergebnisse des Praxisprojektes ILKA zeigen, dass Teilnehmende einer verpflichtenden Lernbegleitung zustimmen, wenn die
Nachhaltigkeit und Effekte des Angebotes als positiv eingeschätzt werden.
Consequences of the consistent exact solution of Einstein{Cartan equation on the time dependence of Hubble parameter are discussed. The torsion leads to a space and time-dependent expansion parameter which results into nontrivial windows of Hubble parameter between diverging behavior.
Only one window shows a period of decreasing followed by increasing time dependence. Provided a known cosmological constant and the present values of Hubble and deceleration parameter this changing time can be given in the past as well as the ending time of the windows or universe. The comparison with the present experimental data allows to determine all parameters of the model.
Large-scale spatial periodic structures appear. From the metric with torsion outside matter, it is seen that torsion can feign dark matter.
KI-basierte Chatbots erlangen zunehmend Bedeutung im Bereich der Beratung und Therapie zur psychischen Gesundheit. Dabei sind Expertensysteme und generative Systeme als technische Grundlagen hinsichtlich der möglichen Effekte zu unterscheiden. Hinsichtlich der sozialen Effekte in der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion beschreibt und definiert der Beitrag das Phänomen der quasisozialen Beziehung. Besonders relevant sind in diesem Zusammenhang Selbstoffenbarungseffekte, d.h. die Preisgabe persönlicher Informationen, die durch (zugeschriebene) Eigenschaften von Chatbots beeinflusst werden können. In der Beratung zeigt sich das im Teilen von selbstbezogenen Informationen mit einem kommunikativen Gegenüber und führt in Beziehungen zum Aufbau von Nähe. Diskutiert werden Effekte, Chancen und Risiken für die Einordnung des Einsatzes solcher Chatbots in Beratung und Therapie.
Das Spektrum technischer Filter zur Niederschlagswasserbehandlung reicht von kompakten Anlagen im dezentralen Maßstab bis zu zentralen Anlagen mit mehreren Hektar angeschlossener Fläche. Die hier vorgestellten zentralen Systeme werden im Aufstromverfahren durchflossen. Der Zufluss wird dabei durch Sedimentation oder eine Sedimentation-Lamellen-Kombination vorbehandelt. Das Spektrum der eingesetzten Filtersubstrate ermöglicht den Rückhalt feiner Partikel (AFS63) bis hin zu gelösten Stoffen. Die Rückhaltewirkung von technischen Filtern kann sehr hoch sein, allerdings muss der Kompromiss zwischen Wirkung und Wartung gefunden werden. Die Überwachung der Systeme ist durch Bilanzierung der Füllstände vergleichsweise einfach. Erste Ansätze für eine Bemessung der Systeme werden vorgestellt.
Family firm performance through transformational CEO leadership and familiness-related team forces
(2024)
Purpose. The purpose of this study is to test the role of familiness-related team forces induced by the CEO of family firms. In particular, we report on the effects of the transformational leadership style of CEOs on their respective top-management team (TMT) and firm performance when viewed through a familiness lens.
Design/methodology/approach. Survey measures were taken from a snowballed
sample of 72 CEOs of German family firms as well as from 245 members of their TMTs. We tested the aggregated firm-level data with objective performance indicators of the firms they led.
Findings. Support was obtained for the three hypothesized team-force mediations and the four-path mediation model. The relationship between CEO’s transformational style and
high family-firm performance is found to be serially mediated by TMT cohesion, behavioral integration and efficacy. Together, these three types of collective forces are assumed to be the
familiness effect of a family-member CEO with a transformational leadership style.
Originality. With our model we quantitatively tested familiness-type forces vis-à-vis firm performance. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Wastewater generation model to predict impacts of urine separation on wastewater treatment plants
(2024)
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are under increasing pressure to enhance resource efficiency and reduce emissions into water bodies. The separation of urine within the catchment area may be an alternative to mitigate the need for costly expansions of central WWTPs. While previous investigations assumed a spatially uniform implementation of urine separation across the catchment area, the present study focuses on an adapted stochastic wastewater generation model, which allows the simulation of various wastewater streams (e.g., urine) on a household level. This enables the non-uniform separation of urine across a catchment area. The model is part of a holistic modelling framework to determine the influence of targeted urine separation in catchments on the operation and emissions of central WWTPs, which will be briefly introduced. The wastewater generation model is validated through an extensive sampling and measurement series.
Results based on observed and simulated wastewater quantity and quality for a catchment area of 366 residents for two dry weather days indicate the suitability of the model for wastewater generation and transport modelling. Based on this, four scenarios for urine separation were defined. The results indicate a potential influence of spatial distribution on the peaks of total nitrogen and total phosphorus.
Potential and risks of water reuse in Brandenburg (Germany) – an interdisciplinary case study
(2024)
For Brandenburg, a region in Germany with increasing water shortage and drought events, water reuse can counteract competition scenarios between drinking water supply, agricultural irrigation, and industrial use. Centralized and decentralized sources for reclaimed water are found to potentially substitute 245 or 28% of irrigation water, respectively, in agriculture production in Brandenburg. For such a reuse scenario, the
fate of organic micropollutants is examined for diatrizoate (DZA) and carbamazepine (CBZ). Retention in local sandy soil and transfer into roots and leaves of arugula are analyzed in lysimeter studies and greenhouse pot experiments. Vertical transport was found for DZA and accumulation in or on arugula roots with a root concentration factor of 1,925+34% but a low bioconcentration factor due to intrinsic molecule properties. CBZ was not found to be mobile in the sandy soil but accumulates in arugula roots and leaves by factors of 70+7% and 155+12%, respectively. Further research on potential plant uptake and groundwater enrichment for more substances is highly recommended as well as tertiary wastewater treatment prior to water reuse.
In der 11. Version der Internationalen statistischen Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme (ICD-11) findet sich erstmals die Kategorie der Körperbezogenen repetitiven Verhaltensstörungen (engl. „body-focused repetitive behavior disorders“, BFRBDs), die u. a. die Trichotillomanie (TTM) sowie die Skin-Picking-Störung (SPS) enthält und dem Zwangsspektrum zugeordnet ist. Diese Neuerung umfasst sowohl die Neukategorisierung der TTM, die in der ICD-10 noch bei den „abnormen Gewohnheiten und Störungen der Impulskontrolle“ verortet war, als auch die erstmalige Einführung einer eigenständigen Diagnose für die SPS. Trotz beachtlicher Prävalenzen (TTM: 1–2 %; SPS: 1,4–3,1 %) wurden die TTM und die SPS bislang in Fachkreisen wenig beachtet, was sich neben einem hohen Forschungsbedarf – auch in Bezug auf die nosologische Verortung – insbesondere in mangelhaften Versorgungsangeboten widerspiegelt. Bezüglich der Einordnung im Zwangsspektrum ist kritisch anzumerken, dass die Störungsbilder zwar Ähnlichkeiten mit der Zwangsstörung zeigen, aber dennoch fundamentale Unterschiede in Symptomatik, Ätiologie und Behandlung zu beachten sind. In diesem Kontext sollte davon abgesehen werden, TTM und SPS pauschal als Zwangsstörungen zu bezeichnen. Vielmehr sollten die individuellen Besonderheiten der BFRBD, die sich bei Betroffenen durch eine impulshafte, zwanghafte oder auch suchtartige Phänomenologie äußern können, individuell und differenziert analysiert und behandelt werden, um die bestmögliche Versorgung zu gewährleisten. Insgesamt bietet die Einführung der BFRBD-Kategorie mit einer eigenständigen Diagnose für die SPS in der ICD-11 wichtige Chancen zur Verbesserung der Forschungs- und Versorgungslage.
This study investigates the role of individual differences in channel choice and switching behavior in a multichannel environment using latent class analysis on data from 1512 customers. Psychographic variables from five domains (risk attitudes, cognitive ability, motivation, personality, and decision-making style) serve as covariates for multichannel customer behavior. We identify six segments that differ significantly on six psychographic variables (readiness to take risks, need for cognition, autotelic and instrumental need for touch, and rational and intuitive decision-making styles). The results advance the theory-building of multichannel customer behavior and present insights for proactively managing customer journeys of distinct segments.
Working Capital in der Kreditanalyse: Cashflow-Effekte erkennen und Risikosignale identifizieren.
(2024)
Toward a notation for modeling value driver trees: Classification development and research agenda
(2024)
Mit der 7. Novelle der MaRisk ist die Notwendigkeit der Berücksichtigung von ESG-Risiken für deutsche Kreditinstitute auch im Kreditprozess angekommen. Um einen Marktüberblick zum aktuellen Umsetzungsstand sowie den geplanten Maßnahmen zur Berücksichtigung von ESG-Risiken im Kreditprozess für Firmenkunden zu erhalten, haben die Autoren zwei umfassende empirische Untersuchungen bei Banken durchgeführt. Als größte Herausforderung bei ESG-Risiken im Kreditprozess haben demnach nahezu alle Institute die Datenerhebung identifiziert. Auswirkungen auf Kreditentscheidungen werden nur von einer Minderheit der Institute (und dann fast immer lediglich in Ausnahmefällen) gesehen. Die Relation von Nutzen und Aufwand wird von den Teilnehmern zudem kontrovers bewertet.
Exkursion und Studienprojekt
(2024)
This article explores educational media pedagogies that are predominantly non-digital, but nonetheless timely and influential. Design Thinking, Making, and Serious Play are three distinct yet interrelated approaches to problem-solving, resilience and innovation that have gained increased traction in education over the past decade. We explore the similarities and differences between these playful, experiental pedagogies and provide an overview of how these approaches can be integrated effectively into education settings. Finally, we provide transferable examples, including evaluation results, from a weeklong workshop series at Muenster University of Applied Sciences conducted in Spring 2022. The article serves as a theoretically informed practical guide for educators and practitioners seeking to select, implement and evaluate playful pedagogies. It contributes to the understanding of underlying principles, characteristics, potential impact and limitations.
Angesichts der medialen Präsenz der Themenfelder Sexarbeit und Prostitution sowie deren Komplexität und Undurchsichtigkeit wird u.a. der Frage nachgegangen, wie es im wissenschaftlichen Kontext gelingen kann, systematisch und methodisch kontrolliert vorzugehen, um Sexarbeit und Prostitution von der sie umgebenden Mystifizierung, Instrumentalisierung und Stigmatisierung zu befreien, mit dem Ziel, objektive Perspektiven zu generieren und Befunde zu erzeugen, die den gesellschaftlichen Debatten zugeführt werden können.
Der Beitrag legt das durch zum Teil moralisierende Ansätze und politische Interessen geprägte diskursive Feld mit seinen aktuellen Kontroversen kritisch dar.
Stormwater tree pits with storage elements enable the irrigation of urban trees and can potentially act as decentralized rainwater retention basins. This paper mainly focuses on analyzing this potential. Field tests were conducted to investigate the irrigation behavior and the storage effect of a storm water tree pit system using Perl hoses as irrigation elements over a period of two years.
The rainfall, storage volumes, and soil moisture within the employed planting pit were measured.
With the help of system modeling, the retention ability of the storm water tree pit system was analyzed. The available storage volume was sufficient to irrigate trees for several days. During the measurement period, about 15% of the inflowing rainwater was fed to the root zone of the tree. With practical storage volumes of 200 to 300 m3/ha, a remarkable amount of water from heavy rainfall could be completely stored, thus significantly reducing the risk of flooding. The retention effect and irrigation behavior largely depend on the soil conditions and the technical possibilities of the equipment supplying the root area (in this case, Perl hoses). Further investigations are required to determine the influence on the growth conditions of trees and optimize of the system for discharge into the root zone.
Führungskräfte in der Sozialwirtschaft stehen vor enormen Herausforderungen. Um sie zu bewältigen, gilt ein Verständnis von Führung, das vorwiegend auf Macht und Autorität setzt, als nicht mehr zeitgemäß. Der Ansatz des Self-Leadership folgt dagegen dem Verständnis, dass durch die effektive Umsetzung selbstbeeinflussender Strategien ein reflektierter Umgang mit dem eigenen Ich möglich wird.
The extended quasiparticle picture is adapted to non-Fermi systems by suggesting a Pad´e approximation which interpolates between the known small scattering-rate expansion and the deviation from the Fermi energy. The first two energy-weighted sum rules are shown to be fulfilled independent of the interpolating function for any selfenergy. For various models of one-dimensional Fermions scattering with impurities the quality of the Pad´e approximation for the spectral function is demonstrated and the reduced density matrix or momentum distribution is reproduced not possessing a jump at the Fermi energy. Though the two-fold expansion is necessary to realize the spectral function and reduced density, the extended quasiparticle approximation itself is sufficient for the description of transport properties due to cancellation of divergent terms under integration.
The T-matrix approximation leads to the delay time as the time two particles spend in a correlated state. This contributes to the reduced density matrix and to an additional part in the conductivity which is presented at zero and finite temperatures. Besides a localization at certain impurity concentrations, the conductivity shows a maximum at small temperatures interpreted as onset of superconducting behaviour triggered by impurities. The Tan contact reveals the same universal behaviour as known from electron-electron scattering.
Wind energy plays a major role among renewable
energies. Its expansion is therefore important in order
to achieve the climate targets. Repowering is an
important element in the expansion of wind energy.
On the one hand, it offers a solution for many wind
turbines in Germany that are no longer subsidised due
to their age. On the other hand, modern turbines are
significantly more powerful and enable more efficient
land utilisation. This article provides an overview of
the most important aspects of onshore repowering.
There is a lot to consider when repowering wind turbines.
The legal situation for repowering aims to
be improved through simplified authorisation procedures.
Even though efforts are being made by the
government, there is still room for improvement. The
repowering potential is also dependent on the various
distance regulations to residential buildings in
the federal states. These regulations might also be
improved in the future. Another aspect is the remuneration,
which is now closer to market developments
due to the market premium model. It is also subject
to greater competition as a result of the tendering
process. At the same time, interest rates and turbine
prices have risen, which creates economic challenges
for the operators of future wind farms. Last but not
least, repowering also depends on public acceptance.
This is also to be regulated by law in the future.
As Germany aims to increase its utilization of wind
power, the potential threat to bird populations due
to this expansion is a controversial issue. This paper
aims to collect data on the magnitude of bird strikes
on wind turbines, review existing protective measures
and explore innovative solutions. After a thorough
examination of the literature, it was concluded that
although the impact on bird populations is significant,
it may be overemphasized in popular debates. This
statement is not final as further research is necessary
to assess the impact of bird strikes and explore new
solutions. Comprehensive studies on this specific topic
in Germany are limited, which makes a thorough evaluation
challenging. While there are measures in place
to protect species that may be negatively impacted, it
is possible that these measures will not be adequate
for all of them. While several innovative methods
are under examination, progress in testing and implementation
is slow. Lastly, an information problem
was identified. Since the topic is highly politicized
and polarizing, it is crucial to provide the public with
accessible and reliable information on the discussed
themes. This is currently not the case due to a lack
of data and missing information campaigns.
The upscaling of wind turbines has been increasing in
recent years and will continue to play a significant role
in the future, as it allows for the reduction of electricity
generation costs. Various challenges arise when it
comes to upscaling. This article summarizes the technical
challenges associated with upscaling wind turbines
and presenting their problem-solving approaches
and research trends based on other reviews. It was
found that the most frequently cited challenges are
related to individual components, such as rotor blades,
drive train, generator, tower, and noise impact.
For rotor blades, the challenges are increased flexibility,
more aeroelastic vibrations, increased wear,
interferences with radar and transportation difficulties.
Proposed solutions include the use of carbon-fiber
blades, prebending, novel paints, and for transportation,
segmented rotor blades and on-site manufacturing.
In the gearbox, torque increases, leading to
higher weight and susceptibility to errors. As a result,
the trend is moving towards gearless systems with
permanent magnet synchronous generators. Transportation
is the major issue with towers, which can
be resolved with on-site manufacturing. In terms of
noise emission, reducing aerodynamic noise plays the
most significant role.
This paper outlines the three main areas relevant
to dismantling: the rotor blades, hub and nacelle,
the tower and the foundation. The paper discusses
the dismantling procedures, including the removal of
the top structure, the tower and the foundation, and
evaluates various methods of dismantling the tower,
such as modular dismantling, collapse blasting, folding
blasting, wrecking ball demolition and hydraulic
ram demolition. The assessment of these methods
in practice and the potential challenges and considerations
for future dismantling, particularly as wind
turbine heights increase, are also addressed.
This review paper provides an initial overview of the
state of the art of common corrosion protection methods
for offshore wind turbines. The functions of the
individual corrosion protection methods and their
interaction are explained. In addition, the specific corrosion
protection of different zones and components
of an offshore wind turbine will be discussed. Finally,
some information is given on current and possible
future developments in this subject area.
The pursuit of Offshore Wind Energy (OWE), integral
to the German government’s ambitious renewable
energy goals raises concerns about the environmental
impact of noise emissions on marine life. This paper
delves into the theoretical background of Offshore
Wind Turbine (OWT) noise, exploring its various
phases from the survey to decommission. It examines
the types and causes of noise emissions, their effects
on marine wildlife and potential mitigation measures.
Highlighting the regulatory framework in Germany,
the paper emphasises the need for nuanced approaches
to balance renewable energy objectives with marine
ecosystem preservation.
This article analyses the impact of robotics on the
operation and maintenance (O&M) of offshore wind
turbines (OWTs), with a particular emphasis on the
challenges and benefits. As the world’s reliance on
renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, increases
to reduce climate change, the growing number of
OWTs requires effective O&M. Challenges consist
of logistics, accessibility and high costs. The paper
presents the application of climbing robots, unmanned
aerial vehicles and underwater robots to overcome
these challenges.
The combination of multiple robotic platforms, such
as autonomous surface vehicles and autonomous underwater
vehicles, represents a collaborative approach
to O&M. Obstacles include the need for accurate navigation,
building trust between humans and robots,
and research into artificial intelligence.
In conclusion, the integration of robotics in O&M
presents considerable advantages, increasing efficiency,
safety and cost-effectiveness. Further progress and
research into artificial intelligence are crucial in achieving
complete automation, which will transform the
O&M of OWTs.
The construction and operation of hydropower plants
for energy generation is a major issue in sustainable
energy production. Nevertheless, hydropower plants
have a negative impact on fish populations. It is crucial
to understand the causes and consequences of fish
mortality in hydropower plants in order to find sustainable
solutions that reconcile the need for energy
with the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. This
article examines the fish protection measures that can
be implemented to reduce fish mortality and maintain
ecological balance. Based on the main literature reviewed,
this article mainly refers to Germany in terms
of studies carried out and hydropower plants.
This document presents a comparative analysis of
horizontal and vertical small wind turbines for urban
areas in three power classes up to 10 kW in different
categories. The main objective was to conduct a market
analysis to assess the marketability of these wind
energy systems. The aim was to make it easier for
potential customers to make a decision. However, due
to the limited availability of data, the project encountered
considerable difficulties. As a result, the study
became a comparative assessment, which led to results
that may not be readily transferable to urban environments,
slightly missing the original objective of the
study. The results underline the difficulties associated
with conducting a comprehensive market analysis in
this sector and highlight the need for an independent
series of tests under specific conditions. The paper
concludes with a plea for future research efforts to
adapt data collection methods to urban conditions in
order to improve the relevance and applicability of
such studies in practice.
The annual wastewater flow that is treated by public
wastewater treatment plants in Germany amounts
to approx. 10 ∗ 10^9 m3/a and forms an ”artificial” hydropower
potential that can be used for energy generation
or recovery. In the context of this paper, energy
recovery in the outlet of wastewater treatment plants
is examined using the specific example of the water
wheel at the Warendorf central wastewater treatment
plant. The ”artificial” hydropower potential can be
roughly estimated at up to 20 to 105 GWh/a , whereby
this is largely dependent on the hydraulic gradient.
The strong variance results, among other things, from
the findings of the water wheel operation in Warendorf.
The decisive aspect here is the differential factor,
which describes the deviation between the theoretical
and actual energy yield of the water wheel. The
factor includes maintenance work, downtimes and insufficient
inflows, which are associated with a loss of
output. In the case study, the annual energy recovery
amounts to approx. 2 % of the annual electricity consumption
of the wastewater treatment plant and can
be estimated to 23,500 kWh (2022). In the context
of the economic analysis, it can be seen that despite
the ”low” yield, economic operation is possible if the
system is viewed as a long-term investment - payback
period of the example is approx. 14,5 years. The
27-year operation (1996 - 2023) of the water wheel
at the Warendorf central wastewater treatment plant
confirms this and important findings on successful
practical operation can be shown in the context of
this paper.
The preservation of water bodies continuity is fundamental
for aquatic communities, particularly for fish
populations. Various structures impede watercourse
continuity, impacting fish migration and habitat distribution.
Conventional fish passages often fall short
in diverse scenarios, prompting the development of
specialized solutions. This article proposes a criteria
catalog for these special fish passage solutions based
on DWA leaflet DWA-A 509. It discusses the need
for these solutions, presents a selection of specialized
options, and outlines criteria from DWA-M 509, construction
guidelines, and economic perspectives. It
scrutinizes criteria ranging from target fish species to
cost considerations. Three examples, including the
Runserau fish lift, the bristle ramp fish lock, and the
Fishcon sluice, illustrate these specialized solutions,
their functionalities, advantages, and drawbacks. Additionally,
the article compiles criteria from industry
standards and guidelines into a comprehensive evaluation
catalog. The criteria, when applied, assist in the
selection of suitable fish passage solutions based on
specific site conditions and fish species requirements.
This holistic approach aims to optimize fishway selection,
fostering the ecological sustainability of watercourses.
However, this catalog remains dynamic
and open to expansion with evolving research and
practical application, urging further exploration and
validation of these criteria through diverse case studies
and technological advancements in the field.
Wind turbine structures take a major role in the
modern conversion to renewable energy sources and
contribute to the creation of a greener world. In recent
years, the development and installation of wind
turbines have seen rapid growth. However, with the
increasing capacity and size of wind farms worldwide,
there are growing concerns about the safety and reliability
of these installations. Therefore, structural
health monitoring and the detection of damage to
wind turbines have gained considerable importance in
research. Wind turbine blades are particularly susceptible
to various types of damage due to environmental
influences. This article provides an overview of signal
responses, sensors used and non-destructive testing
techniques in the field of damage detection on wind
turbine blades. The intention of the article is to give
an insight into the possibilities of structural health
monitoring and at the same time to point out unsolved
problems in this field.
This article discusses the use of artificial intelligence
in the wind energy industry, particularly in addressing
challenges and optimizing the expansion of renewable
energies in Germany. It highlights the application
of artificial intelligence in wind forecasts and yield
predictions, bird detection, wind turbine and farm
design, condition monitoring, and predictive maintenance.
Additionally, it introduces the “WindGISKI”
research project, which aims to use artificial intelligence
to identify new areas for wind turbines. The
project utilizes a neural network to analyze and predict
flight routes, potentially reducing bird mortality.
The document also emphasizes the potential broader
applications of “WindGISKI” in other fields of activity,
such as land use planning and city development.
Overall, it underscores the significant role of artificial
intelligence in addressing challenges in wind energy
and outlines the potential for artificial intelligence
to drive the expansion of renewable energies while
addressing key obstacles.