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"Deluge of Ducks"
(1998)
Male juveniles in segregated poor neighbourhoods are at increased risk of violence. The code of the street approach is commonly used to understand the context informing street violence in such marginalized spaces, but the concept is mainly used in Western countries, especially in African American communities in the US. This study investigates whether the code of the street is also applicable to the largest Roma neighbourhood in Europe, located in Bulgaria, through guided interviews with male juveniles. The results show that some elements of the code work are applicable in this space, but clear differences also emerge. These findings affect the generalizability of the approach and the understanding of street violence.
OBJECTIVE To compare the emotional and behavioral problems of children of patients suffering from cancer or a mental disorder and their association with parental quality of life. METHODS A total of 223 children from 136 families and their 160 parents were investigated from multiple perspectives in a cross-sectional study. The consistency of different adjustment reports between family members was examined. Through mixed models, the differences between parental HRQoL and the children's symptomatology were studied with regard to the type of parental illness. The prediction of children's adjustment through parental HRQoL was further examined. Additionally, gender and age of the children were considered. RESULTS Half of the children exhibited psychosocial problems. Gender and age differences were independent of the type of parental disease. In families with parental cancer, the reports of children's adjustment were more consistent between family members than in families where a parental mental disorder was present. We found differences in HRQoL between families with mentally ill parents and those with parental cancer patients. Specifically, the healthy partners of mentally ill parents showed worse HRQoL compared with healthy partners of cancer patients. Healthy parents' reduced HRQoL was associated with worse adjustment in their children, regardless of the type of parental illness, but this result was not found for ill parents. CONCLUSION Family members confronted with parental cancer or mental disorders are more burdened compared with those from the normal population, independently of the type of disease. Our results indicate that the type of a parental disease has no direct effect on children's adjustment. However, there are disease-specific effects on parental HRQoL, which are associated with children's adjustment.
Persistent feelings of gender dysphoria (GD) are accompanied by distress and body dissatisfaction in most clinically referred adolescents and adults. Transition-related medical interventions (e.g., puberty suppression, hormones, or surgery) may alleviate body dissatisfaction. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to compare multidimensional body image across clinically referred adolescents and adults undergoing different transition-related medical interventions. Two clinical samples of adolescents (n = 82) and adults (n = 120) referred to specialized departments of four different transgender health services in Germany participated in the study. In total, 202 individuals from the female-to-male (FtM individuals) and male-to-female (MtF individuals) spectrum aged 14-74 years were included at different stages of their transition. Four scales assessing multidimensional aspects of body image (measured by the Body Image Assessment Questionnaire, FBeK) were compared across three groups: sample, gender, and medical interventions (while controlling for age and treatment duration). The results indicated less favorable body image scores compared with the norm in both adolescents and adults with GD. Individuals who had undergone transition-related medical interventions presented a significantly better body image on two of the four scales. Differences according to gender and age were also present. These findings suggest that medical interventions, especially gender-affirming hormones and surgery, are generally beneficial to the body image in individuals with GD. However, not all of the less favorable outcomes in multidimensional body image were positively influenced by the treatment conditions and may thus benefit from additional integrative counseling before and during transition.
A detailed look beneath the surface: Evidence of a surface reconstruction beneath a capping layer
(2016)
Different from negatively charged CuInS2 (CIS) based quantum dots (QDs), positively charged QDs are difficult to obtain in good optical quality, but are desirable for certain applications. We herein present a general synthesis strategy that allows for a universal surface modification of ternary CIS based QDs with thiol containing ligands.
The idea behind the synthesis design is, to apply a ZnS shell first for passivating and protecting the core QDs, and then add a second ZnS shell for the functionalization via ligand exchange. Whereby easy ligand exchange with thiolated molecules is systematically set up, by using a weak bonding amine ligand for the second shell. Molecules with various terminal groups were used to functionalize the nanoparticles and stabilize them in different media making any surface charge and polarity accessible. Surface defect chemistry seemed to play an important role in our synthesis strategy, therefore to gain a deeper understanding how these defect sites can alter the electronic structure of core/shell nanoparticles theoretical calculations based on density functional theory were performed, whilst structural, colloidal and optical properties were characterized experimentally (by dynamic light scattering, x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, absorption- and (time resolved) photoluminescence
measurements).
Purpose
Procurement professionals widely use purchasing portfolio models to tailor purchasing strategies to different product groups’ needs. However, the application of these approaches in hospitals and the impact of a pandemic shock remain largely unknown. This paper aims to assess hospital purchasers’ procurement strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of factor-market rivalry (FMR) on strategies and the effectiveness of purchasing portfolio categorizations in this situation.
Design/methodology/approach
This qualitative study of hospital purchasing in the Netherlands is supported by secondary data from official government publications. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 hospital purchasers at large hospitals. An interpretative approach is used to analyze the interviews and present the results.
Findings
The findings reveal that product scarcity forces purchasers to treat them as (temporary) bottleneck items at the hospital level. The strategies adopted largely aligned with expected behavior based on Kraljic’s commodity management model. Adding the FMR perspective to the model helped to further cluster crisis strategies into meaningful categories. Besides inventory management, increasing supply, reducing demand and increasing resource coordination were the other common strategies. An important finding is that purchasers and governments serve as gatekeepers in channeling FMR, thereby reducing potential harmful competition between and within hospitals.
Social implications
The devastating experience of the COVID-19 pandemic is unveiling critical weaknesses of public health-care provision in times of crisis. This study assesses the strategies hospital purchasers apply to counteract shortages in the supply chain. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of gatekeepers in times of crisis and present strategies purchasers can take to assure the supply of resources.
Originality/value
No research has been conducted on purchasing portfolio models and FMR implications for hospitals during pandemics. Therefore, the authors offer several insights: increasing the supply risk creates temporary bottleneck strategies, letting purchasers adopt a short-term perspective and emphasizing the high mobility of commodities in the Kraljic commodity matrix. Additionally, despite more collaboration uncovered in other studies regarding COVID-19, strong rivalry arose at the beginning of the pandemic, leading to increased competition and less collaboration. Given such increased FMR, procurement managers and governments become important gatekeepers to balance resource allocation during pandemics both within and between hospitals.
In the last decade, in many European Countries more and more measures have been initiated aiming at the prevention of food losses and wastes along the entire value chain. In order to evaluate or monitor such important measures it is crucial to obtain quantitative information on generated food waste amounts, subsequently enabling the quantitative evaluation of the measure’s outcomes and efficiency. Currently there is a paucity of quantitative information, particularly on food losses that are directly generated during harvesting processes. Up to date, no method is available or standardised aiming at the in-situ or on-site quantification of food losses during harvest. Using the example of the potato harvest, this study presents a practical approach for determining potato losses. To test the applicability of the developed method, on-site measurements were conducted directly on the field at five different locations in Austria and Germany. Our method enables the quantification of food losses based on defined areas along the harvested potato rows, where the analyser manually collects potatoes during their harvest. Hereby, two types of potato losses needs to be considered: non-harvested, under-sized potatoes that remain under the earth and the harvested ones, which are rejected on-site because of quality requirements regarding their size, shape, and state of health. Our study shows that between 1 and 9% of field losses (based on yield potential) can be generated during the potato harvest. In future, this method may be the basis for standardised protocols in order to be able to derive cultivar-specific benchmarks and, consequently, to develop measures for preventing food losses. In general, more case studies and evidence-based ground-up measurements on other cultivars and for other regions are needed focusing on the on-site quantification of post-harvest losses.
In this paper, we scrutinise the sharing economy from a moral householding perspective and evaluate the moral justifications for a sustainable form of the sharing economy. We consider the emergence of normative moral justifications through householding practices that rest on local mobilisation of people in defence of communities and commitments against the adverse impacts of neoliberal market capitalism.
Our perspective draws on Karl Polanyi's conceptualisation of householding, that is, autarchic, communistic provision in a closed community. Using timebanking as an example, we illustrate how a moral sharing economy can be mobilised in collective battles against the current neoliberal system of economic crisis. We contribute to the amassing sharing economy literature emphasising a central, yet missing element of the current discourse: householding as practices creating self-sufficiency and autonomy as well as combining both kin and stranger.
Abstract In sub-Sahara Africa, micronutrient deficiency, especially of antioxidant micronutrients including vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, selenium, zinc, and polyphenols is very common in HIV-positive patients. Amongst adults, women are the most vulnerable. Antioxidants are known to play a vital role in the immune system, reducing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to the HIV infection. Such damage may be prevented or moderated through adequate oral intake of antioxidants, scavenging ROS, as well as protecting cells and tissues against oxidative stress. Antioxidants can be provided to the body through locally available antioxidant rich-diets such as fruit-and-vegetable-based diets and/or dietary supplements. Provision of antioxidants through local diets or dietary supplements exercise beneficial effects on biological markers of the immune system (CD4 and viral load). However, while dietary supplements represent a costly and short-term strategy to limiting antioxidant deficiency, local diets, combined with adequate nutritional education, can provide a low-cost and long-term strategy to reduce oxidative stress, prevent micronutrient deficiency, and slow down HIV disease progression. The former can be applicable in countries around the West, Central, and South coast of Africa, which are rich in natural food resources. In contrast with significant evidence that dietary supplements confer benefits in HIV patients, fewer data are available relating to the benefits of local diets. Thus the need to do more research in this area arises. This review compares available data on effects of antioxidants on CD4 and viral load in HIV-positive women noneligible for antiretroviral therapy. Intake of antioxidants though dietary supplements and local diet, associated with nutritional education, is compared. Studies conducted in sub-Sahara Africa are considered.
The mechanical set up of a novel scanning reflection X-ray microscope is presented. It is based on zone plate optics optimized for reflection mode in the EUV spectral range. The microscope can operate at synchrotron radiation beamlines as well as at laboratory-based plasma light sources. In contrast to established X-ray transmission microscopes that use thin foil samples the new microscope design presented here allows the investigation of any type of bulk materials. Importantly, this permits the investigation of magnetic materials by employing experimental techniques based on the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), the X-ray linear magnetic dichroism or the transversal magneto-optical Kerr effect (T-MOKE). The reliable functionality of the new microscope design has been demonstrated by T-MOKE microscopy spectra of Fe/Cr-wedge/Fe trilayer samples. The spectra were recorded at various photon energies across the Fe 3p edge revealing the orientation of magnetic domains in the sample.
In this paper a novel concept of ablation cell for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is presented. Suppression of the turbulence in the flush gas flow in the ablation region reduces the wash-out time of the ablation cell considerably. An ablation chamber which enables ICP-MS pulse duration down to several ten milliseconds has been designed. Dependence of the ICP-MS peak amplitude, width, and shape on the gas flow parameters is studied experimentally for aerosol ablated under laminar and turbulent conditions. Experiments demonstrate that the ICP-MS peak becomes sharper and the amplitude of the signal grows as the turbulence in the ablation cell is suppressed. Furthermore, the possibility of the LA-ICP-MS analysis with a sampling rate of more than 10 Hz has been demonstrated. Express in-depth profiling in the new ablation cell is demonstrated on examples of an Al -Zn multilayer structure and an industrial Mg -Zn coating.
Despite the enormous number of assistive technologies (ATs) in dementia care, the management of challenging behavior (CB) of persons with dementia (PwD) by informal caregivers in home care is widely disregarded. The first-line strategy to manage CB is to support the understanding of the underlying causes of CB to formulate individualized nonpharmacological interventions. App- and sensor-based approaches combining multimodal sensors (actimetry and other modalities) and caregiver information are innovative ways to support the understanding of CB for family caregivers. The main aim of this study is to describe the design of a feasibility study consisting of an outcome and a process evaluation of a newly developed app- and sensor-based intervention to manage CB of PwD for family caregivers at home. In this feasibility study, we perform an outcome and a process evaluation with a pre-post descriptive design over an 8-week intervention period. The Medical Research Council framework guides the design of this feasibility study. The data on 20 dyads (primary caregiver and PwD) are gathered through standardized questionnaires, protocols, and log files as well as semistructured qualitative interviews. The outcome measures (neuropsychiatric inventory and Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory) are analyzed by using descriptive statistics and statistical tests relevant to the individual assessments (eg, chi-square test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test). For the analysis of the process data, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology is used. Log files are analyzed by using descriptive statistics, protocols are analyzed by using documentary analysis, and semistructured interviews are analyzed deductively using content analysis. The newly developed app- and sensor-based AT has been developed and was evaluated until July in 2018. The recruitment of dyads started in September 2017 and was concluded in March 2018. The data collection was completed at the end of July 2018. This study presents the protocol of the first feasibility study to encompass an outcome and process evaluation to assess a complex app- and sensor-based AT combining multimodal actimetry sensors for informal caregivers to manage CB. The feasibility study will provide in-depth information about the study procedure and on how to optimize the design of the intervention and its delivery. DERR1-10.2196/11630
A user-friendly Pitot probe data reduction Excel-Refprop-Routine for non-ideal gas flow applications
(2022)
Ab initio calculation of the attempt frequency of oxygen diffusion in pure and samarium doped ceria
(2017)
Image-sharpness metrics can be used to optimize optical systems and to control wavefront sensorless adaptive optics systems. We show that for an aberrated system, the numerical value of an image-sharpness metric can be improved by adding specific aberrations. The optimum amplitudes of the additional aberrations depend on the power spectral density of the spatial frequencies of the object.
About Nuclear Resonant Reaction Analysis for Hydrogen Investigations in Amorphous Silicon Layers
(2015)
Abrasion in a concrete-lined sediment bypass tunnel is estimated using a Japanese state-of-the-art prediction model and validated by measured invert abrasion data at Asahi Reservoir, Japan. The model is described in detail, certain shortcomings are disclosed, and a revised version is proposed. The model consists of a kinetic energy term accounting for the impact by saltating particles, and a friction work term accounting for the grinding stress. It is found that the latter term yields concrete abrasion values being consistently a multiple compared to its kinetic term contradicting other research. Based on that, and a possible particle impact angle inconsistency, it is proposed to omit the friction work term. It is shown that the calculated abrasion is overestimated by 138% on average compared with that measured, if both terms are accounted for. However, promising results are obtained with only 30% overestimation by neglecting the friction work term.
Adaption of the NDIR-technology to 13CO2-breath tests under increased inspiratory O2 concentrations
(2009)
Adhärenz digitaler Interventionen im Gesundheitswesen: Definitionen, Methoden und offene Fragen
(2021)
AbstractMany digital interventions rely on the participation of their users to have a positive impact. In various areas it can be observed that the use of digital interventions is often reduced or fully discontinued by the users after a short period of time. This is seen as one of the main factors that can limit the effectiveness of digital interventions. In this context, the concept of adherence to digital interventions is becoming increasingly important. Adherence to digital interventions is roughly defined as “the degree to which the user followed the program as it was designed,” which can also be paraphrased as “intended use” or “use as it is designed.” However, both the theoretical–conceptual and practical discussions regarding adherence to digital interventions still receive too little attention.The aim of this narrative review article is to shed more light on the concept of adherence to digital interventions and to distinguish it from related concepts. It also discusses the methods and metrics that can be used to operationalize adherence and the predictors that positively influence adherence. Finally, needs for action to better address adherence are considered critically.
Advances in scalable gas-phase manufacturing and processing of nanostructured solids: A review
(2017)
As a salutogenic concept, “consumption corridors” aims to support what is necessary for sustainable wellbeing to be achieved in relation to the Earth system, with a deep consideration for justice and equity. Living in consumption corridors is a representation of everyday life whereby people live within limits, so that all people – now and in the future – can access what is needed to live a good life. In this special issue, a series of scholars and practitioners have come together to further develop the concept, engage with its ethodological implications, and relate it to consumption domains and policy implications. We begin by introducing how the concept emerged, in relation to the complexity of grappling with the societal transformations required for achieving more sustainable forms of consumption. We then present the different contributions, which demonstrate the importance of considering both maximum and minimum consumption standards, the relevance of human-need theories, as well as the difference between achieving wellbeing and the means necessary for doing so. We conclude by opening up to areas that merit further deliberation: how to relate consumption corridors to everyday-life dynamics, but also to the critical question of power relations at play in implementing consumption corridors.
A sustainability transition (ST) of the agri-food system (AFS) is necessary due to manifold environmental and social exigencies. Scholars widely refer to the multi-level perspective (MLP) in the analysis of those transitions. The fast pace of articles covering AFS transitions, the evolving research on spaces between the three levels, and the consisting unclear conceptualization of MLP levels call for a systematic update on literature utilizing MLP in AFS articles covering ST. As a basis for reporting, this systematic literature review uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The search was conducted on the database Scopus encompassing the period from 2018 to 2022. After the selection procedure, 58 articles were included in the review. We extracted data based on a combination of a concept-driven and data-driven coding scheme. Qualitative research approaches outweigh and interrelated activities within the AFS are being analyzed, predominantly in the agricultural sectors. The focus lays on ongoing transitions. The concept of sustainability and its direction is considered as given (e.g., through the case lens), without further elaborations. The niche constitutes the most prominent object of study and scholars refer to rather socially innovative activities than technological innovations, providing distinct views on radicality and strategies to breakthrough. A space between niche and regime is being presented, with slightly distinct conceptualisations. Actors from both levels collaborate and exert transformative power. The regime is presented as static but also more vividly evolving views on the regime are demonstrated. The landscape receives the least attention and the focus lays on immaterial characteristics. Combinations of MLP with other frameworks have proven useful, for instance, regarding elaborations on the agency on the landscape level. Generally, an unclear conceptualization of regime and landscape persists, lacking a theoretical elaboration. Further research applying MLP should aim for a deeper examination of its theoretical construct, especially in terms of regime and landscape. More quantitative or mixed-methods research could supplement the current dominating qualitative approaches by testing and validating qualitatively constructed theories and phenomena.
Algorithmic Design and Resilience Assessment of Energy Efficient High-Rise Water Supply Systems
(2019)
ALPACA: Application Layer Protocol Confusion - Analyzing and Mitigating Cracks in TLS Authentication
(2021)
Membrane contactors are a promising alternative for nitrogen removal and recovery from process water compared
to other physicochemical and biological sidestream treatment processes. Münster wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is the first municipal WWTP in Germany operating a full-scale membrane contactor
system to improve the nitrogen elimination and recovery efficiency. Factors influencing the operation and membrane performance are investigated in an accompanying research project. Additional operational aspects of the applied membrane modules are investigated in detail using a bench-scale membrane contactor. First results of the full-scale application demonstrate a high nitrogen removal efficiency of >95%.
Experimental results are presented of a test of the theory of local turbulent heat transfer measurements proposed by Mocikat and Herwig in 2007. A miniaturized multi-layer heat transfer sensor was developed and employed in this study. The new heat transfer sensor was designed to work in air and liquids, and this capability enabled the simultaneous investigation of different Prandtl numbers. Two basic configurations, namely the flow past a blunt plate and the flow past an inclined square cylinder, were investigated in test sections of wind and water tunnels. Convective heat transfer coefficients were obtained through conventional testing (i.e., employing thoroughly heated test objects) and using the new miniaturized sensor approach (i.e., utilizing cold test objects without heating). The main prediction of the Mocikat-Herwig theory that a specific thermal adjustment coefficient of the employed actual miniaturized heat transfer sensor should exist in the fully turbulent flow regime was proven for developed two-dimensional flow. The observed effect of the Prandtl number on this coefficient was in good agreement with the prediction of the asymptotic expansion method. The square cylinder results indicated the inherent limits of the local turbulent heat transfer measurement approach, as suggested by Mocikat and Herwig.