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Die Transformation der Energiesysteme im Rahmen der Energiewende macht diese durch zusätzliche Komponenten und Wechselwirkungen immer komplexer. Das ökonomische und ökologische Potenzial, dass sich aus der Nutzung der Synergien dieser Komponenten ergeben kann, erfordert eine gemeinsame Betrachtung des gesamten Energiesystems hinsichtlich sämtlicher Energie- und Verbrauchssektoren.
Die Energiesystemmodellierung stellt eine geeignete Methode zur Modellierung und Optimierung dieser urbanen Energiesysteme dar. Mit dem „Spreadsheet Energy System Model Generator“ (SESMG) hat die FH Münster ein Open Source Tool entwickelt, das die Betrachtung urbaner Quartiere ermöglicht. Diese können hinsichtlich verschiedener Zielkriterien wie z. B. monetären Kosten und THG-Emissionen optimiert werden. Die tabellenbasierte Eingabe erfordert keine Programmierkenntnisse. Das implementierte Urban District Upscaling Tool erleichtert die effektive Modellierung auch größerer Systeme. Die automatisierte Ergebnisaufbereitung ermöglicht eine schnelle Analyse der Ergebnisse.
KIM: Kaos In der Medizin
(2024)
Die sichere E-Mail-Infrastruktur für Ärzt*innen, Apotheker*innen, Krankenversicherungen und Kliniken in Deutschland, KIM - Kommunikation im Gesundheitswesen - ist mit über 200 Millionen E-Mails in den vergangenen zwei Jahren eine der am meisten genutzten Anwendungen in der Telematikinfrastruktur. Mit dem Ausgeben von S/MIME-Zertifikaten für alle medizinische Beteiligten in Deutschland verspricht KIM sichere Ende-zu-Ende-Verschlüsselung von E-Mails zwischen Heilberufler*innen in ganz Deutschland.
In diesem Paper analysieren wir die KIM-Spezifikation sowie eine beispielhafte KIM-Installation in einer deutschen Zahnarztpraxis. Wir zeigen, dass KIM kryptografisch ein sehr hohes Sicherheitslevel erfüllt, doch in der Verarbeitung der E-Mails bei den Clients eine schwerwiegende Sicherheitslücke besteht. Weiterhin zeigen wir zwei Sicherheitslücken in dem KIM-Verarbeitungsmodul eines großen deutschen Unternehmens für medizinische Software. Diese Defizite zeigen außerdem Mängel in dem verpflichtenden Zulassungsprozess der KIM-Komponenten auf.
The urge for personalisation and the rise of technological advancements
in the 21st century is pushing for more innovative marketing strategies. As such, this dissertation examines the impact of personality-tailored
campaigns (PTC) and how it affects purchasing decisions among
Generation Z, focusing on theoretical and practical implications.
A conceptual framework for the process of personality-tailored marketing has been developed to provide tangible value for businesses of
various industries in particular the fragrance, smartphone, and food
industry.
Der Umgang mit Wahrscheinlichkeiten und Statistiken fällt vielen Menschen schwer. Nicht selten ist dieser erschwerte Umgang auf (unnötiges) eigenes Komplizieren, Fehlinterpretieren oder auch auf das Zurückgreifen auf sogenannte Abkürzungsstrategien (Heuristiken) zurückzuführen.
Dieser Arbeitsbericht beschäftigt sich genau mit diesem zugrundeliegenden Verhalten und erläutert mit zahlreichen konkreten Beispielen den vielfach anzutreffenden realen Entscheidungsprozess.
Zunächst werden zentrale Grundbegriffe erläutert, um ein einheitliches Verständnis zu gewährleisten. Mit diesem Verständnis wird auf verschiedene Grundlagen von Wahrscheinlichkeiten wie auch Statistiken eingegangen, um ein wissens- und verständnisbasiertes Fundament für die weiteren Teile dieses Arbeitsberichts sicherzustellen. Im zweiten Kapitel werden sowohl ausgewählte Heuristiken (kognitive Abkürzungsstrategien) als auch systematische Fehler beim Umgang mit Wahrscheinlichkeiten vorgestellt und erläutert. Im Anschluss werden ausgewählte und typische Paradoxien beschrieben, die zum einen im Bereich von Wahrscheinlichkeiten und Statistiken und zum anderen im Bereich von Entscheidungen auftreten können.
Zuletzt werden die Ansatzpunkte einer Manipulation von Statistiken dargestellt.
This working paper addresses the effectiveness of compliance management systems (CMS). The objective is to answer the question whether CMS are effective, and to consider the limits of compliance. For this purpose, the highly legalistic topic is considered in the context of business ethics and behavioural economic foundations. The review of effectiveness is based on the seven basic components set out in the Assurance Standard of the Institut der Wirtschaftsprüfer in Deutschland e. V. [Institute of Public Auditors in Germany, Incorporated Association] (IDW AssS 980).
To answer this question, reference is made to the three levels of business ethics and to selected behavioural economics concepts. For example, performance pressure, peer pressure and variable compensation schemes encourage opportunistic behaviour. It is argued that corporate compliance depends significantly on the behaviour of single individuals and their environment. Especially in the context of economic activity and competition, compliance cannot be equated to morality and ethics, or be expected as a matter of course. On the whole, the interdisciplinary consideration of corporate compliance demonstrates a natural limit whenever ethical and moral standards are contrary to economic interests.
Der vorliegende Arbeitsbericht setzt sich mit der Wirksamkeit von Compliance Management Systemen im Kontext wirtschaftsethischer und verhaltensökonomischer Grundlagen auseinander. Die Basis der Wirksamkeitsprüfung stellen die sieben Grundelemente des Prüfungsstan-dards des Instituts der Wirtschaftsprüfer in Deutschland e. V. (IDW PS 980).Die drei Ebenen der Wirtschaftsethik sowie ausgewählte Konzepte der Verhaltensökonomie werden zur Untersuchung aufgegriffen. So begünstigen etwa Leistungs- und Gruppendruck sowie variable Vergütungssysteme opportunistische Verhaltensweisen. Es wird dargelegt, dass unternehmerische Compliance signifikant vom Verhalten einzelner Individuen und ihrem Umfeld abhängt. Insbesondere im Kontext wirtschaftlichen Handelns und Wettbewerb kann Compliance nicht mit Moral und Ethik gleichgesetzt oder als Selbstverständlichkeit erwartet werden. Insgesamt bescheinigt die interdisziplinäre Betrachtung der unternehmerischen Com-pliance immer dann eine natürliche Grenze, wenn ethisch-moralische Ansprüche konträr zu ökonomischen Interessen stehen.
Emotionen beeinflussen jede Entscheidung. Diese Tatsache beschränkt sich nicht nur auf vermeintlich einfache Situationen, auch komplexe Entscheidungen werden durch unsere Emotionen gelenkt. Doch wie stark werden wir durch sie beeinflusst?
Um dieser Frage auf den Grund zu gehen, wird in diesem Arbeitsbericht der Entscheidungsprozess anhand der Prospect Theory von A. Tversky und D. Kahneman dargestellt. Anschließend werden die Emotionen und daraus resultierende Heuristiken und Biases beschrieben. Oft werden Alternativen so schon früh im Entscheidungsprozess ausgeschlossen, ohne dass wir es überhaupt mitbekommen. Einige anschauliche Beispiele werden diese Tatsache verdeutlichen.
Nach einer tiefgreifenden Betrachtung des besonderen Gefühls „Glück“ werden schlussendlich kurze wissenschaftliche Handlungsalternativen zur glücksbringenden Entscheidungsfindung aufgezeigt.
In nahezu allen Wirtschaftsbereichen sind digitalisierte Prozesse inzwischen weit verbreitet.
Teilweise hat die Digitalisierung bereits zu einer völligen Neuordnung von industriellen Wertschöpfungsketten auf Basis moderner Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien beigetragen. Vor allem im Bereich logistischer Prozesse finden sich angesichts des internationalen Wettbewerbs durch die Globalisierung und des stetig größeren Preis- und Innovationsdrucks
vielfältige Anwendungsfälle für Industrie 4.0-Anwendungen.
In diesem Arbeitspapier werden die Potenziale aus Industrie 4.0 konkret auf die Logistik übertragen. Leitfrage der Untersuchung ist, wie die spezifischen Herausforderungen in der Logistik vor diesem Hintergrund beherrscht und weiter optimiert werden können.
Is our consumption behavior rational? Due to their limited available rationality („bounded rationality“), humans resort to cognitive abbreviation strategies (known as heuristics) to make decisions. Based on insights from psychology and other social sciences, „Behavioral Economics“ attempts to improve the reality of traditional economic theories.If the consumer does not act purely rationally, which factors influence his behavior? What are the consequences? Following theoretical foundations the second part addresses the impact of financial contraints on consumer behavior. The last part deals with basic effects of the digital economy on consumer behavior.
Ist das Konsumverhalten der Menschen rational? Aufgrund ihrer begrenzt vorhandenen Ra-tionalität („bounded rationality“) ergreifen Menschen kognitive Abkürzungsstrategien (sog. Heuristiken), um Entscheidungen zu treffen. Anhand von Erkenntnissen aus der Psychologie und anderen Sozialwissenschaften versucht die „Behavioral Economics“ den Realitätsbezug der klassischen ökonomischen Theorien zu verbessern. Wenn der Konsument nicht rein rational handelt: Welche Faktoren beeinflussen sein Verhal-ten? Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus? Nach den theoretischen Grundlagen widmet sich der zweite Teil den Auswirkungen finanzieller Engpässe auf das Konsumverhalten. Teil drei setzt sich mit einigen grundlegenden Auswirkungen der digitalen Wirtschaft auf das Konsumverhalten auseinander.
Originäre Aufgabe von Unternehmen ist es, die zur Leistungserstellung erforderlichen Aufgaben nicht nur inhaltlich richtig, sondern vor allem auch zeitlich-logisch sinnvoll zu erbringen. Das gilt für die Privatwirtschaft ebenso wie für öffentliche oder Non-for-Profit-Institutionen. Damit stellt das Prozessmanagement seit jeher eine zentrale Herausforderung der Organisationsgestaltung dar.
Im Rahmen der Technifizierung von betrieblichen Abläufen entwickelten sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hervorragende Informationssysteme, welche die Mitarbeiter mit Daten versorgten, die in definierten Sequenzen genutzt bzw. weiterverarbeitet wurden. Die Logik lag im Informationssystem. Damit wurde Mitarbeitern jedoch viel von ihrer Entscheidungskompetenz genommen. Andererseits ist es im Umfeld strategischer Entscheidungen oder auch im Projektmanagement noch immer nicht gelungen, Entscheidungsträger bzw. Projektmanager substantiell und zielgerichtet mit dem richtig dosierten Wissen am Ort des Bedarfs zu unterstützen.
Insgesamt ist festzustellen, dass die Menschen an ihren Arbeitsplätzen häufig nicht die Möglichkeit haben, ihr Fach-, Methoden- und Erfahrungswissen in der Form einzubringen, wie sie es könnten. Und mit Bezug zum Gesamtunternehmen fehlt die Möglichkeit dieses Wissen kollektiv verfügbar zu machen. Durch die Entwicklung sozialer Medien auf Basis der Internettechnologie wurden erstmals die Voraussetzungen geschaffen, nicht nur das erforderliche Wissen in die betrieblichen Abläufe auf jeder Unternehmensebene zu bringen. Darüber hinaus sind nun die Möglichkeiten gegeben, tatsächlich die seit den 80er-Jahren geforderte „Lernende Organisation“ auszugestalten.
Enterprise-Wikis bilden eine Plattform für das prozessorientierte Wissensmanagement. In diesem Arbeitsbericht sollen das dahinterliegende Konzept sowie die Erfolgsfaktoren des praktischen Einsatzes vorgestellt werden. Basierend auf dem fiktiven Unternehmen der „Nordwalder Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG“ werden Ergebnisse aus der Forschung am Institut für Technische Betriebswirtschaft (ITB) sowie aus konkreten Umsetzungsprojekten in der Unternehmenspraxis vorgestellt und diskutiert. So erhalten Führungskräfte einen Einblick in die Potenziale, die sich daraus auch für ihre Organisation ergeben können.
Lean Management nach dem Vorbild Toyotas ist in vielen westlichen Unternehmen bereits weit verbreitet und etabliert. Dabei wurde der Fokus vor allem auf die Einführung der bekannten Lean-Methoden und Tools gelegt. Was passiert jedoch, wenn die Organisationsstruktur und Führungskultur nicht angepasst werden? Sind die eingeführten Lean Methoden dann immer noch erfolgsversprechend? Es wird die These aufgestellt, dass wenn Lean nur auf die bekannten Lean-Methoden reduziert wird, das Unternehmen keinen nachhaltigen Wettbewerbsvorteil generieren kann.
Es lassen sich allgemeingültige Tendenzen westlichen Führungsverhaltens erkennen, welche in dieser Arbeit herausgearbeitet und dem japanischen Führungsverhalten gegenübergestellt werden. Dabei wird deutlich, dass einige Aspekte der Führungskultur dem Lean-Gedanken widersprechen und Grund für den mangelnden Erfolg westlicher Unternehmen mit einem schlanken (leanen) Produktionssystem sein könnten. Es wird somit die Forschungsfrage gestellt, was ein Unternehmen benötigt, das bereits ein schlankes Produktionssystem eingeführt, jedoch die konventionellen Führungsmuster beibehalten hat, um das Produktionssystem erfolgreich nutzen und weiterentwickeln zu können mit dem Ziel aus „Lean Management“ einen langfristigen Wettbewerbsvorteil zu generieren.
Es werden hierzu verschiedene Lösungsansätze diskutiert. Zum einen wird die Möglichkeit vorgestellt, eine Arbeitsorganisation nach dem Vorbild Toyotas einzuführen. Des Weiteren werden Ansätze erläutert, das Potenzial der Mitarbeiter, die jeden Tag am Prozess arbeiten, besser einzubinden und für tägliche Verbesserungen zu nutzen. Außerdem wird ein erweitertes Führungsverständnis vorgestellt, bei dem Führungskräfte täglich den Ort der Wertschöpfung aufsuchen und als Coach auftreten, um langfristig eine lernende Organisation zu erzeugen. Aus der Analyse ergibt sich, dass die Führungskraft die zentrale Rolle spielt, um einen langfristigen Wettbewerbsvorteil aus Lean Management zu generieren.
Aus diesem Grund werden vier Aufgaben für Führungskräfte im direkten1 Bereich definiert, die täglich durchgeführt werden müssen. Das Führungsziel ist hierbei, alle Mitarbeiter in der Masse zu befähigen, das Unternehmen täglich zu verbessern und jeden Tag individuell und als Organisation zu lernen. Um den Erfolg dieses Ansatzes zu verifizieren, wurden die Aufgaben mithilfe der BMW Group in einem Fertigungsbereich in München entwickelt und getestet. Die Aufgaben lauten „Prozesse beobachten und bestätigen“, „Probleme strukturiert lösen“, „Kontinuierliche Verbesserung treiben“ und „Mitarbeiter befähigen“, welche täglich gemäß eines Stundenplans von allen Führungskräften im Pilotbereich durchgeführt werden. Dabei führt die Führungskraft die Aufgaben selbst durch und tritt als Coach für die jeweils untere Hierarchieebene auf. Mithilfe eines Bewertungstools, das eine Selbst- und mehrere Fremdeinschätzungen enthält, konnte der Ist-Zustand sowie die Verbesserungen des Führungsverhaltens gemessen und der Erfolg verifiziert werden.
Abschließend kann gesagt werden, dass durch das Aufbauen der relevanten Kompetenzen bei den Führungskräften, Multiplikatoren einer förderlichen Führungs- und Verbesserungskultur geschaffen werden können. Mit den Standardaufgaben arbeiten alle Mitarbeiter und Führungskräfte täglich an der Weiterentwicklung des Produktionssystems, indem sie Probleme lösen und Prozesse verbessern. Die Organisation kann sich entwickeln und lernen, was als nachhaltiger und langfristiger Wettbewerbsvorteil gesehen werden kann.
Digitalization is already touching us all and the buzzword of 2014/2015 will be “Digital Transformation”. In fact it is the new uber-driver and it impacts us all and will change the global economy. The information based industries are just the first wave, others will follow. Setting up a plan for the digital disruption and transforming the strategies, uprating models and capabilities to harness the advantages of digitalization and avoid it pitfalls.
The main focus of this paper lies on the ongoing digitalization trend and how the transformation can be adapted into the B2B sector.
Die Arbeitswelt hat sich in der jüngsten Vergangenheit stark gewandelt. Der technologi-sche Fortschritt und die Globalisierung sind nur einige Gründe, weshalb weltweit ver-zahnte Wertschöpfungsketten und eine fach- und disziplinübergreifende Zusammenar-beit bei nahezu allen inner- und zwischenbetrieblichen Abläufen Normalität geworden sind. Parallel dazu haben sich auch die Anforderungen an den Führungsnachwuchs ge-wandelt: Generalisten, die interdisziplinär denken und flexibel einsetzbar sind, werden zunehmend gesucht. Genau dies zeichnet Wirtschaftsingenieurinnen und Wirtschaftsin-genieure aus. Sie können einerseits komplexe technische Prozesse nachvollziehen und optimieren, behalten andererseits aber auch die Finanzen, Vermarktung und den Ver-trieb im Blick. Sie sind Allrounder, die durch ihr Studium prädestiniert sind für Fach- und Führungspositionen im Produktions- und Projektmanagement, aber auch in anderen Be-reichen mit technischem Bezug, z.B. im Technischen Controlling, Technischen Vertrieb usw
Stormwater tree pits with storage elements enable the irrigation of urban trees and can potentially act as decentralized rainwater retention basins. This paper mainly focuses on analyzing this potential. Field tests were conducted to investigate the irrigation behavior and the storage effect of a storm water tree pit system using Perl hoses as irrigation elements over a period of two years.
The rainfall, storage volumes, and soil moisture within the employed planting pit were measured.
With the help of system modeling, the retention ability of the storm water tree pit system was analyzed. The available storage volume was sufficient to irrigate trees for several days. During the measurement period, about 15% of the inflowing rainwater was fed to the root zone of the tree. With practical storage volumes of 200 to 300 m3/ha, a remarkable amount of water from heavy rainfall could be completely stored, thus significantly reducing the risk of flooding. The retention effect and irrigation behavior largely depend on the soil conditions and the technical possibilities of the equipment supplying the root area (in this case, Perl hoses). Further investigations are required to determine the influence on the growth conditions of trees and optimize of the system for discharge into the root zone.
The extended quasiparticle picture is adapted to non-Fermi systems by suggesting a Pad´e approximation which interpolates between the known small scattering-rate expansion and the deviation from the Fermi energy. The first two energy-weighted sum rules are shown to be fulfilled independent of the interpolating function for any selfenergy. For various models of one-dimensional Fermions scattering with impurities the quality of the Pad´e approximation for the spectral function is demonstrated and the reduced density matrix or momentum distribution is reproduced not possessing a jump at the Fermi energy. Though the two-fold expansion is necessary to realize the spectral function and reduced density, the extended quasiparticle approximation itself is sufficient for the description of transport properties due to cancellation of divergent terms under integration.
The T-matrix approximation leads to the delay time as the time two particles spend in a correlated state. This contributes to the reduced density matrix and to an additional part in the conductivity which is presented at zero and finite temperatures. Besides a localization at certain impurity concentrations, the conductivity shows a maximum at small temperatures interpreted as onset of superconducting behaviour triggered by impurities. The Tan contact reveals the same universal behaviour as known from electron-electron scattering.
The Educational Journal of Renewable Energy Short Reviews (EduJRESR, formally published as ‘EGU Journal of Renewable Energy Short Reviews’) is a teaching project rather than a regular scientific journal.
To publish in this journal, it is a premise to take part in the master course wind power, hydro power and biomass usage at the department of Energy, Building Services and Environmental Engineering of the Münster University of Applied Sciences.
Students receive an equivalent of 2.5 credit points (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System – ECTS) for their engagement in the course and for publishing a short review article of at most 3 000 words in this periodical. The publication process closely mimics the typical publication procedure of a regular journal.
The peer-review process, however, is conducted within the group of course-participants.
Although being just an exercise, we think that publishing the outcome of this course in a citable manner is not only promoting the motivation of our students, but may also be a helpful source of introductory information for researchers and practitioners in the field of renewable energies. We encourage students to write their articles in English, but this is not mandatory. The reader will thus find a few articles in German language.
To further encourage students practicing English writing, perfect grammar is not part of the assessment.
We especially thank our students for working with LATEX on Overleaf, although LATEX is new to some of them. In this way, the editorial workload was reduced to a minimum. We also thank our students for sharing their work under the creative commons attribution licence (CC-BY). We appreciate their contribution to scientific information, being available to every person of the world, almost without barriers. We also thank the corresponding authors and publishers of the cited work, for granting permission.
Wind energy plays a major role among renewable
energies. Its expansion is therefore important in order
to achieve the climate targets. Repowering is an
important element in the expansion of wind energy.
On the one hand, it offers a solution for many wind
turbines in Germany that are no longer subsidised due
to their age. On the other hand, modern turbines are
significantly more powerful and enable more efficient
land utilisation. This article provides an overview of
the most important aspects of onshore repowering.
There is a lot to consider when repowering wind turbines.
The legal situation for repowering aims to
be improved through simplified authorisation procedures.
Even though efforts are being made by the
government, there is still room for improvement. The
repowering potential is also dependent on the various
distance regulations to residential buildings in
the federal states. These regulations might also be
improved in the future. Another aspect is the remuneration,
which is now closer to market developments
due to the market premium model. It is also subject
to greater competition as a result of the tendering
process. At the same time, interest rates and turbine
prices have risen, which creates economic challenges
for the operators of future wind farms. Last but not
least, repowering also depends on public acceptance.
This is also to be regulated by law in the future.
As Germany aims to increase its utilization of wind
power, the potential threat to bird populations due
to this expansion is a controversial issue. This paper
aims to collect data on the magnitude of bird strikes
on wind turbines, review existing protective measures
and explore innovative solutions. After a thorough
examination of the literature, it was concluded that
although the impact on bird populations is significant,
it may be overemphasized in popular debates. This
statement is not final as further research is necessary
to assess the impact of bird strikes and explore new
solutions. Comprehensive studies on this specific topic
in Germany are limited, which makes a thorough evaluation
challenging. While there are measures in place
to protect species that may be negatively impacted, it
is possible that these measures will not be adequate
for all of them. While several innovative methods
are under examination, progress in testing and implementation
is slow. Lastly, an information problem
was identified. Since the topic is highly politicized
and polarizing, it is crucial to provide the public with
accessible and reliable information on the discussed
themes. This is currently not the case due to a lack
of data and missing information campaigns.
The upscaling of wind turbines has been increasing in
recent years and will continue to play a significant role
in the future, as it allows for the reduction of electricity
generation costs. Various challenges arise when it
comes to upscaling. This article summarizes the technical
challenges associated with upscaling wind turbines
and presenting their problem-solving approaches
and research trends based on other reviews. It was
found that the most frequently cited challenges are
related to individual components, such as rotor blades,
drive train, generator, tower, and noise impact.
For rotor blades, the challenges are increased flexibility,
more aeroelastic vibrations, increased wear,
interferences with radar and transportation difficulties.
Proposed solutions include the use of carbon-fiber
blades, prebending, novel paints, and for transportation,
segmented rotor blades and on-site manufacturing.
In the gearbox, torque increases, leading to
higher weight and susceptibility to errors. As a result,
the trend is moving towards gearless systems with
permanent magnet synchronous generators. Transportation
is the major issue with towers, which can
be resolved with on-site manufacturing. In terms of
noise emission, reducing aerodynamic noise plays the
most significant role.
This paper outlines the three main areas relevant
to dismantling: the rotor blades, hub and nacelle,
the tower and the foundation. The paper discusses
the dismantling procedures, including the removal of
the top structure, the tower and the foundation, and
evaluates various methods of dismantling the tower,
such as modular dismantling, collapse blasting, folding
blasting, wrecking ball demolition and hydraulic
ram demolition. The assessment of these methods
in practice and the potential challenges and considerations
for future dismantling, particularly as wind
turbine heights increase, are also addressed.
This review paper provides an initial overview of the
state of the art of common corrosion protection methods
for offshore wind turbines. The functions of the
individual corrosion protection methods and their
interaction are explained. In addition, the specific corrosion
protection of different zones and components
of an offshore wind turbine will be discussed. Finally,
some information is given on current and possible
future developments in this subject area.
The pursuit of Offshore Wind Energy (OWE), integral
to the German government’s ambitious renewable
energy goals raises concerns about the environmental
impact of noise emissions on marine life. This paper
delves into the theoretical background of Offshore
Wind Turbine (OWT) noise, exploring its various
phases from the survey to decommission. It examines
the types and causes of noise emissions, their effects
on marine wildlife and potential mitigation measures.
Highlighting the regulatory framework in Germany,
the paper emphasises the need for nuanced approaches
to balance renewable energy objectives with marine
ecosystem preservation.
This article analyses the impact of robotics on the
operation and maintenance (O&M) of offshore wind
turbines (OWTs), with a particular emphasis on the
challenges and benefits. As the world’s reliance on
renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, increases
to reduce climate change, the growing number of
OWTs requires effective O&M. Challenges consist
of logistics, accessibility and high costs. The paper
presents the application of climbing robots, unmanned
aerial vehicles and underwater robots to overcome
these challenges.
The combination of multiple robotic platforms, such
as autonomous surface vehicles and autonomous underwater
vehicles, represents a collaborative approach
to O&M. Obstacles include the need for accurate navigation,
building trust between humans and robots,
and research into artificial intelligence.
In conclusion, the integration of robotics in O&M
presents considerable advantages, increasing efficiency,
safety and cost-effectiveness. Further progress and
research into artificial intelligence are crucial in achieving
complete automation, which will transform the
O&M of OWTs.
The construction and operation of hydropower plants
for energy generation is a major issue in sustainable
energy production. Nevertheless, hydropower plants
have a negative impact on fish populations. It is crucial
to understand the causes and consequences of fish
mortality in hydropower plants in order to find sustainable
solutions that reconcile the need for energy
with the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. This
article examines the fish protection measures that can
be implemented to reduce fish mortality and maintain
ecological balance. Based on the main literature reviewed,
this article mainly refers to Germany in terms
of studies carried out and hydropower plants.
This document presents a comparative analysis of
horizontal and vertical small wind turbines for urban
areas in three power classes up to 10 kW in different
categories. The main objective was to conduct a market
analysis to assess the marketability of these wind
energy systems. The aim was to make it easier for
potential customers to make a decision. However, due
to the limited availability of data, the project encountered
considerable difficulties. As a result, the study
became a comparative assessment, which led to results
that may not be readily transferable to urban environments,
slightly missing the original objective of the
study. The results underline the difficulties associated
with conducting a comprehensive market analysis in
this sector and highlight the need for an independent
series of tests under specific conditions. The paper
concludes with a plea for future research efforts to
adapt data collection methods to urban conditions in
order to improve the relevance and applicability of
such studies in practice.
The annual wastewater flow that is treated by public
wastewater treatment plants in Germany amounts
to approx. 10 ∗ 10^9 m3/a and forms an ”artificial” hydropower
potential that can be used for energy generation
or recovery. In the context of this paper, energy
recovery in the outlet of wastewater treatment plants
is examined using the specific example of the water
wheel at the Warendorf central wastewater treatment
plant. The ”artificial” hydropower potential can be
roughly estimated at up to 20 to 105 GWh/a , whereby
this is largely dependent on the hydraulic gradient.
The strong variance results, among other things, from
the findings of the water wheel operation in Warendorf.
The decisive aspect here is the differential factor,
which describes the deviation between the theoretical
and actual energy yield of the water wheel. The
factor includes maintenance work, downtimes and insufficient
inflows, which are associated with a loss of
output. In the case study, the annual energy recovery
amounts to approx. 2 % of the annual electricity consumption
of the wastewater treatment plant and can
be estimated to 23,500 kWh (2022). In the context
of the economic analysis, it can be seen that despite
the ”low” yield, economic operation is possible if the
system is viewed as a long-term investment - payback
period of the example is approx. 14,5 years. The
27-year operation (1996 - 2023) of the water wheel
at the Warendorf central wastewater treatment plant
confirms this and important findings on successful
practical operation can be shown in the context of
this paper.
The preservation of water bodies continuity is fundamental
for aquatic communities, particularly for fish
populations. Various structures impede watercourse
continuity, impacting fish migration and habitat distribution.
Conventional fish passages often fall short
in diverse scenarios, prompting the development of
specialized solutions. This article proposes a criteria
catalog for these special fish passage solutions based
on DWA leaflet DWA-A 509. It discusses the need
for these solutions, presents a selection of specialized
options, and outlines criteria from DWA-M 509, construction
guidelines, and economic perspectives. It
scrutinizes criteria ranging from target fish species to
cost considerations. Three examples, including the
Runserau fish lift, the bristle ramp fish lock, and the
Fishcon sluice, illustrate these specialized solutions,
their functionalities, advantages, and drawbacks. Additionally,
the article compiles criteria from industry
standards and guidelines into a comprehensive evaluation
catalog. The criteria, when applied, assist in the
selection of suitable fish passage solutions based on
specific site conditions and fish species requirements.
This holistic approach aims to optimize fishway selection,
fostering the ecological sustainability of watercourses.
However, this catalog remains dynamic
and open to expansion with evolving research and
practical application, urging further exploration and
validation of these criteria through diverse case studies
and technological advancements in the field.
Wind turbine structures take a major role in the
modern conversion to renewable energy sources and
contribute to the creation of a greener world. In recent
years, the development and installation of wind
turbines have seen rapid growth. However, with the
increasing capacity and size of wind farms worldwide,
there are growing concerns about the safety and reliability
of these installations. Therefore, structural
health monitoring and the detection of damage to
wind turbines have gained considerable importance in
research. Wind turbine blades are particularly susceptible
to various types of damage due to environmental
influences. This article provides an overview of signal
responses, sensors used and non-destructive testing
techniques in the field of damage detection on wind
turbine blades. The intention of the article is to give
an insight into the possibilities of structural health
monitoring and at the same time to point out unsolved
problems in this field.
This article discusses the use of artificial intelligence
in the wind energy industry, particularly in addressing
challenges and optimizing the expansion of renewable
energies in Germany. It highlights the application
of artificial intelligence in wind forecasts and yield
predictions, bird detection, wind turbine and farm
design, condition monitoring, and predictive maintenance.
Additionally, it introduces the “WindGISKI”
research project, which aims to use artificial intelligence
to identify new areas for wind turbines. The
project utilizes a neural network to analyze and predict
flight routes, potentially reducing bird mortality.
The document also emphasizes the potential broader
applications of “WindGISKI” in other fields of activity,
such as land use planning and city development.
Overall, it underscores the significant role of artificial
intelligence in addressing challenges in wind energy
and outlines the potential for artificial intelligence
to drive the expansion of renewable energies while
addressing key obstacles.
Meanwhile, renewable energy sources such as hydropower, solar and wind energy and biomass are increasingly being used to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and thus counteract the ongoing global warming. However, these are also associated with environmental impacts. To that effect, this article takes a closer look at tidal power plants, which are classified as hydroelectric power plants, by conducting a systematic literature review. The results show that the strength and form of the environmental impact depends on the specific location and type of plant. Tidal power plants have an impact on the habitats of marine animals and thus influence their behavior and population. In addition, the operation of tidal power plants changes the sediment distribution, causes a reduction in current velocities and a change in current direction in the surrounding area and leads to a change in wave height. The construction of the power plants is associated with noise, which primarily causes changes in the behavior of some species. Furthermore, the electromagnetic fields generated can also affect marine life. In order to assess the environmental impact of tidal power plants in comparison to other renewable energies, further studies should focus on the environmental impact of the different technologies in relation to the energy yield.
Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond nano or microcrystals is a promising technology for sensitive, integrated magnetic-field sensors. Currently, this technology is still cost-intensive and mainly found in research. Here we propose one of the smallest fully integrated quantum sensors to date based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond microcrystals. It is an extremely cost-effective device that integrates a pump light source, photodiode, microwave antenna, filtering and fluorescence detection. Thus, the sensor offers an all-electric interface without the need to adjust or connect optical components. A sensitivity of 28.32nT/Hz−−−√ and a theoretical shot noise limited sensitivity of 2.87 nT/Hz−−−√ is reached. Since only generally available parts were used, the sensor can be easily produced in a small series. The form factor of (6.9 × 3.9 × 15.9) mm3 combined with the integration level is the smallest fully integrated NV-based sensor proposed so far. With a power consumption of around 0.1W, this sensor becomes interesting for a wide range of stationary and handheld systems. This development paves the way for the wide usage of quantum magnetometers in non-laboratory environments and technical applications.
This study identifies supply options for sustainable urban energy systems, which are robust to external system changes. A multi-criteria optimization model is used to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and financial costs of a reference system. Sensitivity analyses examine the impact of changing boundary conditions related to GHG emissions, energy prices, energy demands, and population density. Options that align with both financial and emission reduction and are robust to system changes are called “no-regret” options. Options sensitive to system changes are labeled as “potential-risk” options.
There is a conflict between minimizing GHG emissions and financial costs. In the reference case, the emission-optimized scenario enables a reduction of GHG emissions (-93%), but involves higher costs (+160%) compared to the financially-optimized scenario.
No-regret options include photovoltaic systems, decentralized heat pumps, thermal storages, electricity exchange between sub-systems and with higher-level systems, and reducing energy demands through building insulation, behavioral changes, or the decrease of living space per inhabitant. Potential-risk options include solar thermal systems, natural gas technologies, high-capacity battery storages, and hydrogen for building energy supply.
When energy prices rise, financially-optimized systems approach the least-emission system design. The maximum profitability of natural gas technologies was already reached before the 2022 European energy crisis.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between technology orientations and export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative research design was adopted for this study. The paper formulates hypotheses from the literature review. These hypotheses are tested using structural equation modeling with data collected from 231 SMEs in Uganda. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 and AMOS.
Findings
The findings of this study showed technology orientation has a positive and significant relationship with the performance of Ugandan SMEs and that supply chain agility moderates technology orientation and export performance.
Research limitations/implications
The study discusses the findings, advances limitations and managerial implications. It also suggests future research avenues. It proposes some recommendations to help Ugandan SMEs to form flexible supply chains, use the latest technology and create strong relationship ties with their partners in the supply chain.
Practical implications
The study suggests that managers of Ugandan SMEs should use the latest technology in production, marketing, logistics and supply chain management which will enable them to respond quickly to customer tastes and preferences leading to higher levels of export performance.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the literature on strategic management showing the reliability of scales used and the confirmatory of the factor structure. This study shows that in strategic management technology, orientation is critical in increasing export performance. This study has extended the resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capabilities theories.
From Surviving to Living (on): A Grounded Theory Study on Coping in People with Pancreatic Cancer
(2023)
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) are associated with high costs for healthcare systems. We evaluated changes in total costs, comprising direct and indirect costs, due to a 24-month non-randomized, controlled lifestyle intervention trial with six measurement time points aiming to improve the risk profile for NCDs. Overall, 187 individuals from the general population aged ≥18 years were assigned to either the intervention group (IG; n = 112), receiving a 10-week intensive lifestyle intervention focusing on a healthy, plant-based diet; physical activity; stress management; and community support, followed by a 22-month follow-up phase including monthly seminars, or a control group (CG; n = 75) without intervention. The complete data sets of 118 participants (IG: n = 79; CG: n = 39) were analyzed. At baseline, total costs per person amounted to 67.80 ± 69.17 EUR in the IG and 48.73 ± 54.41 EUR in the CG per week. The reduction in total costs was significantly greater in the IG compared to the CG after 10 weeks (p = 0.012) and 6 months (p = 0.004), whereas direct costs differed significantly after 10 weeks (p = 0.017), 6 months (p = 0.041) and 12 months (p = 0.012) between the groups. The HLCP-2 was able to reduce health-related economic costs, primarily due to the reduction in direct costs.
A communication over an Internet Protocol (IP) based network fails if an endpoint sends packets that are too big to reach their destination and if the sender is unable to detect that. The node on the path that drops these packets should respond with a Packet Too Big (PTB) message. However, multiple scenarios exist in which the sender will not receive a PTB message. Even if it does, it refrains from using the information in case it suspects that a potential attacker forged the message. In particular, we are not aware of any implementation of the secure transport protocol QUIC (e.g., used by HTTP/3) that processes PTB messages. In this paper, we present a novel parameterizable PTB detection algorithm for reliable transport protocols that does not depend on PTB messages. We further describe how to integrate our algorithm into QUIC, present results from an evaluation using the algorithm within a QUIC simulation model and, based on these results, suggest concrete parameter values.
The use of computational modeling and simulation (CMS) as a tool for gaining insight into the technical performance and safety of medical devices has emerged continuously over the past years. However, to rely on information and decisions derived from model predictions, it is essential to establish model credibility for the specific context of use. Limited regulatory requirements and lack of consensus on the level of verification and validation activities required result in rare use of CMS as a source of evidence in the medical device approval process. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) developed a risk-informed framework to establish appropriate credibility requirements of a computational model: the ASME V&V 40?2018 standard. This paper aims to outline the concepts of this standard and to demonstrate its application using an example from the orthotics field. The necessary steps to establish model credibility for a custom?made 3D printed wrist hand orthosis (WHO) are presented. It is shown that the credibility requirements of each verification and validation activity depend on model risk by applying two different contexts of use to the same computational model.
Objectives: In recent years, the European Union has revised its regulatory framework for medical devices, primarily to improve patient safety and public health. The Medical Device Regulation (MDR) is fully applicable since May 2021, strengthening the requirements for all stakeholders. As a result, many companies are facing enormous challenges. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the MDR on the orthopaedic aids industry.
Methods: Two surveys were conducted: one shortly before the MDR became applicable (146 respondents) and a second survey almost two years later (233 respondents).
Results: Both surveys revealed that all businesses in the orthopaedic aids sector, regardless of size, have difficulty implementing the MDR. Key challenges include additional workload for technical documentation, increased resource expenditure and cost, and lack of clarity regarding the new requirements. Many companies are downsizing their product portfolio, resulting in potential supply shortages and a loss of competitive advantage and innovation for the medical device industry in Europe.
Conclusions: The full extent of the MDR’s impact on clinical practice is still unclear. However, many companies lack the necessary resources. The MDR can potentially be a bottleneck in the availability of medical devices.
IntroductionAssessment of challenging behaviors in dementia is important for intervention selection. Here, we describe the technical and experimental setup and the feasibility of long-term multidimensional behavior assessment of people with dementia living in nursing homes.MethodsWe conducted 4 weeks of multimodal sensor assessment together with real-time observation of 17 residents with moderate to very severe dementia in two nursing care units. Nursing staff received extensive training on device handling and measurement procedures. Behavior of a subsample of eight participants was further recorded by videotaping during 4 weeks during day hours. Sensors were mounted on the participants' wrist and ankle and measured motion, rotation, as well as surrounding loudness level, light level, and air pressure.ResultsParticipants were in moderate to severe stages of dementia. Almost 100% of participants exhibited relevant levels of challenging behaviors. Automated quality control detected 155 potential issues. But only 11% of the recordings have been influenced by noncompliance of the participants. Qualitative debriefing of staff members suggested that implementation of the technology and observation platform in the routine procedures of the nursing home units was feasible and identified a range of user- and hardware-related implementation and handling challenges.DiscussionOur results indicate that high-quality behavior data from real-world environments can be made available for the development of intelligent assistive systems and that the problem of noncompliance seems to be manageable. Currently, we train machine-learning algorithms to detect episodes of challenging behaviors in the recorded sensor data.
Despite the enormous number of assistive technologies (ATs) in dementia care, the management of challenging behavior (CB) of persons with dementia (PwD) by informal caregivers in home care is widely disregarded. The first-line strategy to manage CB is to support the understanding of the underlying causes of CB to formulate individualized nonpharmacological interventions. App- and sensor-based approaches combining multimodal sensors (actimetry and other modalities) and caregiver information are innovative ways to support the understanding of CB for family caregivers. The main aim of this study is to describe the design of a feasibility study consisting of an outcome and a process evaluation of a newly developed app- and sensor-based intervention to manage CB of PwD for family caregivers at home. In this feasibility study, we perform an outcome and a process evaluation with a pre-post descriptive design over an 8-week intervention period. The Medical Research Council framework guides the design of this feasibility study. The data on 20 dyads (primary caregiver and PwD) are gathered through standardized questionnaires, protocols, and log files as well as semistructured qualitative interviews. The outcome measures (neuropsychiatric inventory and Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory) are analyzed by using descriptive statistics and statistical tests relevant to the individual assessments (eg, chi-square test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test). For the analysis of the process data, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology is used. Log files are analyzed by using descriptive statistics, protocols are analyzed by using documentary analysis, and semistructured interviews are analyzed deductively using content analysis. The newly developed app- and sensor-based AT has been developed and was evaluated until July in 2018. The recruitment of dyads started in September 2017 and was concluded in March 2018. The data collection was completed at the end of July 2018. This study presents the protocol of the first feasibility study to encompass an outcome and process evaluation to assess a complex app- and sensor-based AT combining multimodal actimetry sensors for informal caregivers to manage CB. The feasibility study will provide in-depth information about the study procedure and on how to optimize the design of the intervention and its delivery. DERR1-10.2196/11630