Energie · Gebäude · Umwelt (EGU)
Die Ursachen und Merkmale einer Überflutung durch urbane Sturzfluten und einer Überschwemmung aufgrund eines Flusshochwassers sind unterschiedlich. Die Folgen einer urbanen Sturzflut beschränken sich zumeist auf Sachschäden. Bei einem ausgeprägten Hochwasser, wie beispielsweise im Sommer 2021, stehen neben verheerenden Schäden an Gebäuden und Infrastruktur vor allem die Gefahr von Leib und Leben im Mittelpunkt. Die Möglichkeiten der Risikokommunikation hängen maßgeblich von der Art der Ereignisse ab. Grundsätzlich kann zwischen der grundlegenden und dauerhaften Kommunikation (Bürgerinformation) und der Risikokommunikation in akuten Fällen durch Warnhinweise unterschieden werden.
About 75% of the world's energy consumption takes place in cities. Although their large energy consumption attracts a large number of research projects, only a small fraction of them deal with approaches to model energy systems of city districts. These are particularly complex due to the existence of multiple energy sectors (multi-energy systems, MES), different consumption sectors (mixed-use), and different stakeholders who have many different interests.
This contribution is a review of the characteristics of energy system models and existing modeling tools. It evaluates current studies and identifies typical characteristics of models designed to optimize MES in mixed-use districts. These models operate at a temporal resolution of at least 1 h, follow either bottom-up or hybrid analytical approaches and make use of mixed-integer programming, linear or dynamic.
These characteristics were then used to analyze minimum requirements for existing modeling tools. Thirteen of 145 tools included in the study turned out to be suitable for optimizing MES in mixed-use districts. Other tools where either created for other fields of application (12), do not include any methodology of optimization (39), are not suitable to cover city districts as a geographical domain (44), do not include enough energy or demand sectors (20), or operate at a too coarse temporal resolution (17). If additional requirements are imposed, e.g. the applicability of non-financial assessment criteria and open source availability, only two tools remain.
Overall it can be stated that there are very few modeling tools suitable for the optimization of MES in mixed-use districts.
Zunehmend gewinnen naturnahe Systemlösungen zur Entwässerung urbaner Räume an Bedeutung. Ziel künftiger wasserwirtschaftlicher Konzepte ist die ortsnahe Rückhaltung mit unmittelbarer Versickerung und Verdunstung des Regenwassers, statt der raschen Ableitung und Einleitung in ein naheliegendes Oberflächengewässer. Baumrigolen sind ein wesentliches Element dieser Form der Regenwasserbewirtschaftung im Kontext einer wasserbewussten Stadtentwicklung. In diesem Beitrag werden Systembeispiele und wasserwirtschaftliche Aspekte von Baumrigolen beschrieben und aktuelle Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben zur Untersuchung der multifunktionalen Wirkung von Baumrigolen vorgestellt. Zur Multifunktionalität zählen die Überflutungsvorsorge durch ortsnahe Retention und die Nutzung des Regenwassers zur Bewässerung von Stadt- und Straßenbäumen. Abschließend erfolgt eine Zusammenstellung zahlreicher Ökosystemleistungen der Systeme im urbanen Raum.
Due to a limited number of available measurements on agricultural biogas plants, established process models, such as the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1), are rarely applied in practise. To provide a reliable basis for model-based monitoring and control, different model simplifications of the ADM1 were implemented for process simulation of semi-continuous anaerobic digestion experiments using agricultural substrates (maize silage, sugar beet silage, rye grain and cattle manure) and industrial residues (grain stillage). Individual model structures enable a close depiction of biogas production rates and characteristic intermediates (ammonium nitrogen, propionic and acetic acid) with equal accuracy as the original ADM1. The impact of different objective functions and standard parameter values on parameter estimates of first-order hydrolysis constants and microbial growth rates were evaluated. Due to the small number of required model parameters and suitable system characteristics, simplified model structures show clear advantages for practical application on agricultural biogas plants.
Rigorous process models provide a reliable basis for model-based monitoring and control of anaerobic digestion plants. Due to the complex model structure and non-linear system characteristics, the established Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) is rarely applied in industrial plant operation. The present investigation proposes a systematic procedure for successive model simplification and presents the description of five model variants of a mass-based ADM1. Individual model structures greatly differ in their number of implemented process phases, characteristic components and required parameters. Simplified model variants combine nutrient degradation and biogas formation based on first-order sum reactions, whereas complex model structures describe individual degradation pathways and intermediates during acido- and acetogenesis. Characteristic features of the derived model structures as well as the stoichiometric methane potentials and microbial biomass yields of the underlying degradation pathways of individual model variations are evaluated and discussed in detail.