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Wind energy plays a major role among renewable
energies. Its expansion is therefore important in order
to achieve the climate targets. Repowering is an
important element in the expansion of wind energy.
On the one hand, it offers a solution for many wind
turbines in Germany that are no longer subsidised due
to their age. On the other hand, modern turbines are
significantly more powerful and enable more efficient
land utilisation. This article provides an overview of
the most important aspects of onshore repowering.
There is a lot to consider when repowering wind turbines.
The legal situation for repowering aims to
be improved through simplified authorisation procedures.
Even though efforts are being made by the
government, there is still room for improvement. The
repowering potential is also dependent on the various
distance regulations to residential buildings in
the federal states. These regulations might also be
improved in the future. Another aspect is the remuneration,
which is now closer to market developments
due to the market premium model. It is also subject
to greater competition as a result of the tendering
process. At the same time, interest rates and turbine
prices have risen, which creates economic challenges
for the operators of future wind farms. Last but not
least, repowering also depends on public acceptance.
This is also to be regulated by law in the future.
Despite their important role in our energy system, common wind turbines have some disadvantages. Mainly, those disadvantages are connected to the intermediate conversion of wind energy in rotational energy. The resulting effects include maintenance costs and social acceptance problems. There are different technological approaches, that convert wind energy to electrical energy without its conversion to kinetic energy. As one of those technologies, the electrostatic wind energy conversion is to be discussed in this article. For this discussion, the historical development of this technology is presented. There are three important projects which will be presented to explain the technology and its different technological approaches. Those projects are the WPG, the EWICON and the SWET. Furthermore the results of those different experimental projects are collected and analyzed. On the basis of this analysis it is discussed, whether or not the electrostatic wind energy conversion could be of importance in a future energy system. Therefore the technology is set in relation to modern wind turbines. Also, important factors that influence the efficiency and energy output of those systems are outlined for further research. Due to different technological approaches a suggestion is made for the most promising system setting.
As Germany aims to increase its utilization of wind
power, the potential threat to bird populations due
to this expansion is a controversial issue. This paper
aims to collect data on the magnitude of bird strikes
on wind turbines, review existing protective measures
and explore innovative solutions. After a thorough
examination of the literature, it was concluded that
although the impact on bird populations is significant,
it may be overemphasized in popular debates. This
statement is not final as further research is necessary
to assess the impact of bird strikes and explore new
solutions. Comprehensive studies on this specific topic
in Germany are limited, which makes a thorough evaluation
challenging. While there are measures in place
to protect species that may be negatively impacted, it
is possible that these measures will not be adequate
for all of them. While several innovative methods
are under examination, progress in testing and implementation
is slow. Lastly, an information problem
was identified. Since the topic is highly politicized
and polarizing, it is crucial to provide the public with
accessible and reliable information on the discussed
themes. This is currently not the case due to a lack
of data and missing information campaigns.
Assessment of noise mitigation measures during pile driving of larger offshore wind foundations
(2021)
Wind energy is an important source of electricity generation, but the construction of offshore wind foundations causes high underwater sound pressure, harming marine life. In this context limiting values for underwater noise emissions were set to protect the marine flora and fauna. Therefore, noise mitigation measures during pile driving are mandatory to comply with these limits. Current development in the wind industry lead to increasing wind turbine sizes, requiring a larger pile diameter, which leads to higher underwater noise emissions. As a result, the state of the art noise mitigation systems might not be sufficient and a combination of different technologies is necessary. This article focuses on the issue of noise mitigation during pile driving with respect to large pile sizes. First, the most tested and proven noise mitigation techniques (big bubble curtain, hydro sound damper, and IHC-noise mitigation system) are described, following an analysis of noise reduction measurements in applications at different offshore wind farm projects. In the end the suitability of current noise mitigation systems for large monopiles is evaluated, regarding their effectiveness and practicability.
The upscaling of wind turbines has been increasing in
recent years and will continue to play a significant role
in the future, as it allows for the reduction of electricity
generation costs. Various challenges arise when it
comes to upscaling. This article summarizes the technical
challenges associated with upscaling wind turbines
and presenting their problem-solving approaches
and research trends based on other reviews. It was
found that the most frequently cited challenges are
related to individual components, such as rotor blades,
drive train, generator, tower, and noise impact.
For rotor blades, the challenges are increased flexibility,
more aeroelastic vibrations, increased wear,
interferences with radar and transportation difficulties.
Proposed solutions include the use of carbon-fiber
blades, prebending, novel paints, and for transportation,
segmented rotor blades and on-site manufacturing.
In the gearbox, torque increases, leading to
higher weight and susceptibility to errors. As a result,
the trend is moving towards gearless systems with
permanent magnet synchronous generators. Transportation
is the major issue with towers, which can
be resolved with on-site manufacturing. In terms of
noise emission, reducing aerodynamic noise plays the
most significant role.
Mit wenigen Ausnahmen wird im elektrischen Versorgungssystem die Pumpspeichertechnik zur Pufferung größerer Abweichungen zwischen momentanem Stromverbrauch und -erzeugung und zur zeitlichen Verschiebung von Lasten eingesetzt. Erste großtechnische Anlagen wurden bereits Ende der zwanziger Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts in Deutschland gebaut, um die Auslastung thermischer Kraftwerke gleichmäßiger zu ermöglichen. Pumpspeicherwerke bieten sich somit als Referenztechnologie an, mit der sich neue Entwicklungen messen müssen. Ein Überblick.
Die Transformation der Energiesysteme im Rahmen der Energiewende macht diese durch zusätzliche Komponenten und Wechselwirkungen immer komplexer. Das ökonomische und ökologische Potenzial, dass sich aus der Nutzung der Synergien dieser Komponenten ergeben kann, erfordert eine gemeinsame Betrachtung des gesamten Energiesystems hinsichtlich sämtlicher Energie- und Verbrauchssektoren.
Die Energiesystemmodellierung stellt eine geeignete Methode zur Modellierung und Optimierung dieser urbanen Energiesysteme dar. Mit dem „Spreadsheet Energy System Model Generator“ (SESMG) hat die FH Münster ein Open Source Tool entwickelt, das die Betrachtung urbaner Quartiere ermöglicht. Diese können hinsichtlich verschiedener Zielkriterien wie z. B. monetären Kosten und THG-Emissionen optimiert werden. Die tabellenbasierte Eingabe erfordert keine Programmierkenntnisse. Das implementierte Urban District Upscaling Tool erleichtert die effektive Modellierung auch größerer Systeme. Die automatisierte Ergebnisaufbereitung ermöglicht eine schnelle Analyse der Ergebnisse.
Floating offshore wind (FOW) holds the key to 80 % of the total offshore wind resources, located in waters of 60 m and deeper in European seas, where traditional bottom-fixed offshore wind (BFOW) is not economically attractive.
Many problems affecting floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) were quickly overcome based on previous experience with floating oil rigs and bottom-fixed offshore wind. However, this technology is still young and there are still many challenges to overcome.
This paper shows that electrical failures are amongst the most significant errors of FOWT. The most common cause was corrosion. It is also stated that the control system is most often affected, and that the Generator is frequently involved. Material corrosion is also the key factor when it comes to the most common overall reason for failures.
A particular attention must be paid to mooring line fracture. Mooring lines are especially vulnerable to extreme sea conditions and the resulting fatigue, corrosion, impact damage, and further risks.
It must be stated that the primary challenge is that of economics. Over time technological costs will decline making FOW more competitive and hence attractive for greater depth.
Wind energy conversion systems have attracted considerable attention as a renewable energy source due to depleting fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns as a direct consequence of using fossil fuel and nuclear energy sources. The increasing number of wind turbines increases the interest in efficient systems. The power output of a wind energy conversion system depends on the accuracy of the maximum power tracking system, as wind speed changes constantly throughout the day. Maximum power point tracking systems that do not require mechanical sensors to measure the wind speed offer several advantages over systems using mechanical sensors. In this paper four different approaches that do not use mechanical sensors to measure the wind speed will be presented; the assets and drawbacks of these systems are highlighted, and afterwards the examined algorithms will be compared based on different characteristics. Finally, based on the analysis, an evaluation is made as to which of the presented algorithms is the most promising.