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- Energie · Gebäude · Umwelt (EGU) (91) (remove)
Gazelle: Ganzheitliche Regelung von Biogasanlagen zur Flexibilisierung und energetischen Optimierung
(2021)
Due to a limited number of available measurements on agricultural biogas plants, established process models, such as the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1), are rarely applied in practise. To provide a reliable basis for model-based monitoring and control, different model simplifications of the ADM1 were implemented for process simulation of semi-continuous anaerobic digestion experiments using agricultural substrates (maize silage, sugar beet silage, rye grain and cattle manure) and industrial residues (grain stillage). Individual model structures enable a close depiction of biogas production rates and characteristic intermediates (ammonium nitrogen, propionic and acetic acid) with equal accuracy as the original ADM1. The impact of different objective functions and standard parameter values on parameter estimates of first-order hydrolysis constants and microbial growth rates were evaluated. Due to the small number of required model parameters and suitable system characteristics, simplified model structures show clear advantages for practical application on agricultural biogas plants.
Rigorous process models provide a reliable basis for model-based monitoring and control of anaerobic digestion plants. Due to the complex model structure and non-linear system characteristics, the established Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) is rarely applied in industrial plant operation. The present investigation proposes a systematic procedure for successive model simplification and presents the description of five model variants of a mass-based ADM1. Individual model structures greatly differ in their number of implemented process phases, characteristic components and required parameters. Simplified model variants combine nutrient degradation and biogas formation based on first-order sum reactions, whereas complex model structures describe individual degradation pathways and intermediates during acido- and acetogenesis. Characteristic features of the derived model structures as well as the stoichiometric methane potentials and microbial biomass yields of the underlying degradation pathways of individual model variations are evaluated and discussed in detail.
Inter-laboratory reproducibility of biomethane potential (BMP) is dismal, with differences in BMP values for the same sample exceeding a factor of two in some cases. A large group of BMP researchers directly addressed this problem during a workshop held in Leysin, Switzerland, in June 2015. The workshop resulted in a new set of guidelines for BMP tests published in 2016, which is the subject of the present commentary. The work has continued with two international inter-laboratory studies and one additional workshop held in Freising, Germany, in 2018. The dataset generated by the two inter-laboratory studies were used to refine the validation criteria for BMP tests. Based on these new results an update to the original guidelines is proposed here.
Der Leitfaden enthält einen Überblick über unterschiedliche Detektionsme-thoden. Die bisher in den meisten Fällen durchgeführte Benebelung eignet sich zwar für die Detektion von Regenwasserleitungen an die Schmutzwasserkanalisation, für die sichere Detektion von Schmutzwasserleitungen an die Regenwasserkanalisation eignet sich dieses Verfahren nur eingeschränkt. Ursache dafür sind beispielsweise unterschiedliche Arten der Entlüftung der Hausinstallation oder die Verwendung einer Abwasserhe-beanlage. DTS-Messungen stellen neben etablierten Methoden ein genaues Verfahren zur exakten Detektion von Temperaturauffälligkeiten dar, die ein sicheres Indiz für Fehleinleitungen sind. Je nach Randbedingungen kann eine Kombination mit weiteren Detektionsmethoden er-forderlich sein, um Untersuchungsgebiete einzugrenzen oder eine eindeutige Zuordnung eines Fehlanschlusses zu gewährleisten.
Webinarreihe Zukunft Biogas - Teil 6: Bündelung Rohgas in der Praxis: BiogasPartner Bitburg (Online)
(2021)
Webinarreihe Zukunft Biogas - Teil 4: Bio CNG- Machbarkeit und Praxisbeispiel Hoftankstelle (Online)
(2021)
Tipps zum Umgang mit Starkregen. #Kurvekriegen - Der Klimaschutz-Podcast. 2. Staffel - Episode 3
(2021)
WiEfm 2.0 - Seminar Online: Förderung der Bürgerbeteiligung für die lokale Energie- und Wärmewende
(2021)
Die Ursachen und Merkmale einer Überflutung durch urbane Sturzfluten und einer Überschwemmung aufgrund eines Flusshochwassers sind unterschiedlich. Die Folgen einer urbanen Sturzflut beschränken sich zumeist auf Sachschäden. Bei einem ausgeprägten Hochwasser, wie beispielsweise im Sommer 2021, stehen neben verheerenden Schäden an Gebäuden und Infrastruktur vor allem die Gefahr von Leib und Leben im Mittelpunkt. Die Möglichkeiten der Risikokommunikation hängen maßgeblich von der Art der Ereignisse ab. Grundsätzlich kann zwischen der grundlegenden und dauerhaften Kommunikation (Bürgerinformation) und der Risikokommunikation in akuten Fällen durch Warnhinweise unterschieden werden.
Urbane Sturzfluten, Stadthygiene und Gewässerschutz zählen zu den maßgeblichen Herausforderungen der Entwässerungstechnik. Zur Entwässerung urbaner Räume hat sich zumindest in Gebieten mit humidem Klima die Schwemmkanalisation etabliert. Neben den bewährten Systemen sind künftig jedoch weitergehende Entwicklungen erforderlich. Klimatische Entwicklungen und Anforderungen an die Gewässerreinhaltung erfordern innovative Konzepte. Dazu zählen Maßnahmen einer wasserbewussten Stadtentwicklung, um Regenwasser nicht einfach abzuleiten, sondern als wichtiges Systemelement urbaner Räume zu sehen.
Zur Bemessung etablierter Systeme und zur Entwicklung innovativer Konzepte, sind die bestehenden infrastrukturellen Systeme und deren Auswirkungen auf die aquatischen Ökosysteme erst einmal zu verstehen. Die erforderlichen Grundlagen und die Methoden der Systembemessung werden anschaulich beschrieben.
Intensive Niederschläge (Starkregen) haben im Sommer 2021 zu Hochwasserereignissen geführt, bei denen nicht nur Sachschäden entstanden sind, sondern sogar viele Menschen gestorben sind. In den Sommermonaten der vergangenen Jahre war es lange trocken und sehr heiß. Zu viel oder zu wenig Regen – beides kann lebensbedrohlich sein. Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels waren Thema des Vortrags.
In vielen Ländern der Erde leiden die Menschen unter Wassermangel und Dürre. Für Menschen in Deutschland sind solche Extremsituationen ungewohnt. Überflutungen sind eher selten und Trinkwasser ist genug vorhanden. Aber was muss dafür getan werden, damit die Menschen mit Wasser versorgt und vor Überflutungen geschützt werden?
Zunehmend gewinnen naturnahe Systemlösungen zur Entwässerung urbaner Räume an Bedeutung. Ziel künftiger wasserwirtschaftlicher Konzepte ist die ortsnahe Rückhaltung mit unmittelbarer Versickerung und Verdunstung des Regenwassers, statt der raschen Ableitung und Einleitung in ein naheliegendes Oberflächengewässer. Baumrigolen sind ein wesentliches Element dieser Form der Regenwasserbewirtschaftung im Kontext einer wasserbewussten Stadtentwicklung. In diesem Beitrag werden Systembeispiele und wasserwirtschaftliche Aspekte von Baumrigolen beschrieben und aktuelle Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben zur Untersuchung der multifunktionalen Wirkung von Baumrigolen vorgestellt. Zur Multifunktionalität zählen die Überflutungsvorsorge durch ortsnahe Retention und die Nutzung des Regenwassers zur Bewässerung von Stadt- und Straßenbäumen. Abschließend erfolgt eine Zusammenstellung zahlreicher Ökosystemleistungen der Systeme im urbanen Raum.
The effects of different unsteady ventilation strategies on flow-structures in a room are investigated and compared to steady ventilation with the same mean exchange rate. For this, whole-field optical flow measurements were executed by means of a particle image velocimetry system (PIV) in a Reynolds-scaled room model in water. In a first series of experiments, sinusoidal varied supply flows with different frequencies were analysed; two equally supplied simple nozzles in the ceiling were used as inlets. The setup was validated by comparing jet velocities with literature values.
Typically, room airflows are investigated with punctual measurement techniques (e.g.
anemometers), which have an impact on the flow field, or with smoke gas experiments. By using PIV, the flow can be analysed without any influence of sensors or stands/traverses and whole-field measurement data with high spatial resolution and detailed information on the flow field can be collected.
Local and time-averaged velocities and standard deviations were calculated for all scenarios. Unsteady conditions were created by a sinusoidal variation of the supply flow rate with frequencies between 0.025 1/s and 0.050 1/s, an offset of about 1.1 m3/h and an amplitude of about ±1.0 m3/h, which leads to a mean exchange rate of 3.5 1/h. Although averaged velocity fields only show slight differences between steady and unsteady conditions, single pictures vary widely. First effects of unsteady ventilation on flow structures can be recognized. Steady structures are destroyed, and velocities change rapidly.
The inlets will be changed to small-scale ceiling-diffusors in future experiments to create more realistic room ventilation conditions. Other types of unsteady supply flows will be implemented, and parameters will be varied. The results of the PIV-measurements can be used to validate CFD simulations and to derive dimensioning rules and application recommendations.
The EGU Journal of Renewable Energy Short Reviews (EGUJRenEnRev) is a teaching project rather that a regular scientific journal. To publish in this journal, it is a premise to take part in the master course wind power, hydro power and biomass usage at the faculty of Energy, Building Services and Environmental Engineering of the Münster University of Applied Sciences.
Students receive an equivalent of 2.5 credit points (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System - ECTS) for their engagement in the course and for publishing a short review article of at most 3000 words in this periodical. The publication process closely mimics the typical publication procedure of a regular journal. The peer-review process, however, is conducted within the group of course-participants.
Although being just an exercise, we think that publishing the outcome of this course in a citable manner is not only promoting the motivation of our students, but may also be a helpful source of introductory information for researchers and practitioners in the field of renewable energies. We encourage students to write their articles in English, but this is not mandatory. The reader will thus find a few articles in German language. To further encourage students practicing English writing, perfect grammar is not part of the assessment.
We especially thank our students for working with LaTeX on Overleaf, although LaTeX is new to some of them. In this way, the editorial workload was reduced to a minimum. We also thank our students for sharing their work under the creative commons attribution licence (CC-BY). I appreciate their contribution to scientific information, being available to every person of the world, almost without barriers. I also thank the corresponding authors and publishers of the cited work, for granting permission to reuse graphics free of charge. All other figures had to be replaced or removed prior to publication.
The global salinity gradient power (SGP) potential is between 1650 - 2000 TWH/a and can be converted by mixing two solutions with different salinities. The harnessing of SGP for conversion into power can be accomplished by means of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED). PRO and RED are membrane-based technologies and have different working principles. PRO uses a semipermeable membrane to seperate a concentrated salt solution from a diluted solution. The diluted solution flows through the semipermeable membrane towards the concentrated solution, which increases the pressure within the concentrated solution chamber. The pressure is balanced by a turbine and electricity is generated. RED uses the transport of ions through cation and anion exchange membranes. The chambers between the membranes are alternately filled with a concentrated and diluted solution. The salinity gradient difference is the driving force in transporting ions that results in an electric potential, which is then converted to electricity. The comparison shows that there are two different fields of application for PRO and RED. PRO is especially suitable at extracting salinity energy from large concentration differences. In contrast, RED are not effect by increasing concentration differences. So PRO are supposed to focus on applications with brines or waste water and RED on applications with river water and seawater. Moreover, just a few measured values from processes under real conditions are available, which makes it difficult to compare PRO and RED.
The impact of hydro-power plants on the ecosystem was studied with focus on the fish mortality and types of damage for many years. The fish mortality have a wide range of causes. Types of damage can be different and are caused by different parts of the power plant. The most dangerous part of the system are the fast moving turbine blades. They can cause blade strike and barotrauma due to the high speeds. Different types of turbines were developed for a better survival rate. Five different types of different research groups and manufacturers are presented in this paper. By considering those newly developed turbine designs, a fish survival rate from 96 % to 100 % is achieved.
The first oscillating water column was invented in 1940. In the past decades the need of wave energy systems has significantly increased. This article quickly describes the Wells turbine and possibilities to enhance its performance and should answer the question: what are the design parameters that can be optimized?
Furthermore it gives a small outlook about the history of oscillating Water Columns.
There are many hydropower turbines for low heads or low flows on a small scale. Many technologies are unsuitable for developing countries because equipment or materials are limited, high-tech machines are to expensive or spare parts are not readily available. This review combines currently available technologies with the requirements of developing countries in small, micro and pico hydropower. In small hydropower a propeller turbine from Thailand has a high efficiency of 70 to 80 percent at calculated production costs of around $ 513 per kW. Pumps as turbines are suitable for developing countries in micro hydropower due to readily availability, low price and an large number of standard sizes. In pico-scale, a low-cost Turgo wheel can be made of spoons for $ 48 and yields acceptable values in comparison to a 3D printed Pelton wheel for $ 822. While the Turgo wheel is suitable for high heads, a homemade siphon turbine can be used for low heads. The siphon turbine generates up to 200 W, is made of materials that are available anywhere in the world, and costs less than $ 50.
Self-build small wind turbines are used for rural electrification in the developed and developing world as well as for educational purposes. To give an overview about self-build small wind turbines a systematic literature review was conducted. The identified literature deals with two different vertical and horizontal axis turbine designs. The vertical axis turbines are both prototypes while one of the horizontal axis designs, the design by Piggott is widely used in rural electrification projects. Different papers dealing with the optimization of the Piggott design exist. In retrospect the conduction of a holistic review was not possible due to limited resources and length of this review. Nevertheless it can give a quick overview and a starting point for further research.
Despite their important role in our energy system, common wind turbines have some disadvantages. Mainly, those disadvantages are connected to the intermediate conversion of wind energy in rotational energy. The resulting effects include maintenance costs and social acceptance problems. There are different technological approaches, that convert wind energy to electrical energy without its conversion to kinetic energy. As one of those technologies, the electrostatic wind energy conversion is to be discussed in this article. For this discussion, the historical development of this technology is presented. There are three important projects which will be presented to explain the technology and its different technological approaches. Those projects are the WPG, the EWICON and the SWET. Furthermore the results of those different experimental projects are collected and analyzed. On the basis of this analysis it is discussed, whether or not the electrostatic wind energy conversion could be of importance in a future energy system. Therefore the technology is set in relation to modern wind turbines. Also, important factors that influence the efficiency and energy output of those systems are outlined for further research. Due to different technological approaches a suggestion is made for the most promising system setting.
Because of the rapid expansion and widespread application of wind energy the overall environmental impacts of wind power plants have increased as well. For the further development of wind power, methods to lessen the adverse effects wind power has on avian populations have to be implemented. This review aims to find effective methods to reduce avian collision rates with wind turbines and that therefore can reduce bird fatality rates.
For the assessment the different mitigation methods, for which concrete data was found, are compared with each other regarding the hypothetical effort of implementation and effectiveness in reducing avian collision rates with wind turbines.
These methods are:
(a) Coloring of rotor blades
(b) Coloring of the tower base
(c) Ultraviolet/violet lightning
(d) Temporary shut-down of wind turbines
(e) Auditory warning signals
(f) Repowering
All of the mentioned methods report influence on reducing avian collision rates or at least the behavior of birds in flight.
This review found the following three methods to be most effective:
(a) Coloring of rotor blades
(b) Temporary shut-downs of wind turbines
(c) Repowering
The most effective method to reduce avian collision rates at horizontal axis wind turbines is to paint one of the rotor blades black and consequently increasing the visibility of the rotor blades. The presented study reports 71,9 percent reduction of found carcasses of birds at the treated turbines. For this method the effort of implementation is low while the effectiveness is high.
The effectiveness of the found mitigation methods has been proven and they are suited for application. The method of using lightning or sound fields require more testing to determine their effectiveness. Another topic for research could be how different mitigation methods interact with each other. Is there a significant advantage to be had if multiple mitigation methods are applied at the same wind power plant or turbine? Furthermore the environmental impacts of wind turbines are not limited to birds. Other animals like bats are affected too and might require different methods of mitigation.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Kostentrends in Zusammenhang mit technologischem Lernen von Windenergie an Land in den USA, in Deutschland und weltweit. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Lernkurve für Windenergie an Land zu bestimmen. Dafür wurden Daten zu Stromgestehungskosten (LCOE) und Kosten für die Installation (COP) von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) im Zeitraum von 1983 bis einschließlich 2020 gesammelt, grafisch dargestellt und weitergehend ausgewertet. Die grafische Darstellung der Datenlage verdeutlicht die zeitliche Entwicklung der Technologie. Zur Beschreibung dieser Lernkurven wurden die Progress Ratio (PR) und Learning Rate (LR) in fünf unterschiedlichen Modellen bestimmt. Anhand derer sich in Kombination mit der zukünftig installierten Leistung von WEA eine Prognose über zukünftige Kosten ableiten lässt. Die ermittelten LR bewegen sich zwischen 13 % und 28 %, woraus sich LCOE im Jahr 2030 zwischen 44,03 US$/MWh und 61 US$/MWh ergeben.
Wind energy has steadily gained importance in the generation of renewable energy over the last 25 years. A wind turbine has an average life expectancy of about 25 years. After that, thermoplastic composite materials from the rotors, among other things, accumulate and have to be recycled. Previous methods, such as landfilling, incineration and pyrolysis, have not yet proven to be effective in terms of the circular economy because the recycled material cannot be reused for equivalent products. The use of thermoplastic materials can be a sensible alternative, as thermoplastic resins can be recycled almost without loss of value due to their properties. Recycling of fibreglass is also possible with less loss of stiffness. In the future, it will be crucial to scale up thermoplastic rotor blades and create a market for the recycled material.
Wind energy conversion systems have attracted considerable attention as a renewable energy source due to depleting fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns as a direct consequence of using fossil fuel and nuclear energy sources. The increasing number of wind turbines increases the interest in efficient systems. The power output of a wind energy conversion system depends on the accuracy of the maximum power tracking system, as wind speed changes constantly throughout the day. Maximum power point tracking systems that do not require mechanical sensors to measure the wind speed offer several advantages over systems using mechanical sensors. In this paper four different approaches that do not use mechanical sensors to measure the wind speed will be presented; the assets and drawbacks of these systems are highlighted, and afterwards the examined algorithms will be compared based on different characteristics. Finally, based on the analysis, an evaluation is made as to which of the presented algorithms is the most promising.
Assessment of noise mitigation measures during pile driving of larger offshore wind foundations
(2021)
Wind energy is an important source of electricity generation, but the construction of offshore wind foundations causes high underwater sound pressure, harming marine life. In this context limiting values for underwater noise emissions were set to protect the marine flora and fauna. Therefore, noise mitigation measures during pile driving are mandatory to comply with these limits. Current development in the wind industry lead to increasing wind turbine sizes, requiring a larger pile diameter, which leads to higher underwater noise emissions. As a result, the state of the art noise mitigation systems might not be sufficient and a combination of different technologies is necessary. This article focuses on the issue of noise mitigation during pile driving with respect to large pile sizes. First, the most tested and proven noise mitigation techniques (big bubble curtain, hydro sound damper, and IHC-noise mitigation system) are described, following an analysis of noise reduction measurements in applications at different offshore wind farm projects. In the end the suitability of current noise mitigation systems for large monopiles is evaluated, regarding their effectiveness and practicability.
Floating offshore wind (FOW) holds the key to 80 % of the total offshore wind resources, located in waters of 60 m and deeper in European seas, where traditional bottom-fixed offshore wind (BFOW) is not economically attractive.
Many problems affecting floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) were quickly overcome based on previous experience with floating oil rigs and bottom-fixed offshore wind. However, this technology is still young and there are still many challenges to overcome.
This paper shows that electrical failures are amongst the most significant errors of FOWT. The most common cause was corrosion. It is also stated that the control system is most often affected, and that the Generator is frequently involved. Material corrosion is also the key factor when it comes to the most common overall reason for failures.
A particular attention must be paid to mooring line fracture. Mooring lines are especially vulnerable to extreme sea conditions and the resulting fatigue, corrosion, impact damage, and further risks.
It must be stated that the primary challenge is that of economics. Over time technological costs will decline making FOW more competitive and hence attractive for greater depth.
Originally this article was supposed to be a comparison between the technological differences of bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines (BOWT) and floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT). However, several authors already contributed to this topic and came to the conclusion that the higher levelized costs of energy (LCOE) prevent FOWTs from successfully entering the energy market. Multiple sources seem to agree on this conclusion but often do not provide the reader with further information regarding the LCOE. This is the reason why this article understands itself as an in depth cost comparison between BOWTs and FOWTs. For this purpose, individual LCOE are calculated for the upcoming FOWT technologies such as spar-buoy (SPAR), tension-leg platform (TLP) and semi-submersible platform (semi-sub) as well as conventional BOWTs using the wind turbines hours of full utilization (HOFU). The resulting functions are visualized graphically in order to determine break-even points between BOWTs and FOWTs. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the influence of the weighted average costs of capital (WACC).
With floating offshore wind turbines, new sources of wind energy can be used, which cannot be tapped into by bottom-fixed wind turbine systems. However, due to their design, they experience additional motion caused by wind and wave loads. The motions that are induced into the system have an oscillating course. This affects the aerodynamic properties of the wind turbine and leads to changes in the thrust force and power output of floating wind turbines compared to bottom-fixed wind turbines. Furthermore, the motions lead to an earlier breakdown of the helical wake structure behind the wind turbine and moreover lead to a decreased reliability of the rotor blades. Differences in the effects of wind and wave loads on the aerodynamic performance of floating offshore wind turbines supported by different platform systems were found.
Rund 75 % des weltweiten Energieverbrauchs findet innerhalb urbaner Energiesysteme statt. Solche Systeme beinhalten mehrere Energiesektoren (Elektrizität, Wärme, Kälte, …), Verbrauchssektoren (Wohnen, Gewerbe, Industrie, Landwirtschaft, Mobilität, …) und Interessensgruppen und sind deshalb besonders komplex. Durch den Einsatz von Methoden der Energiesystemmodellierung können diese komplexen Systeme simuliert, analysiert und optimiert werden. Mit Simulationsmodellen können Kosten, Emissionen und verschiedene andere Systemparameter prognostiziert werden. Mithilfe von Optimierungsalgorithmen können Technologien miteinander verglichen, Anlagen dimensioniert und Betriebsweisen optimiert werden. Die Erkenntnisse aus Energiesystemmodellen können zur Einhaltung verschiedener politischer und sozialer Ziele, wie beispielsweise die Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen, der Bedarf nach kostengünstiger Energieversorgung oder auch die Stärkung der regionalen Wirtschaft, beitragen.
Im Projekt R2Q werden Ansätze der Energiesystemmodellierung für den Einsatz in der Planung urbaner Energiesysteme aufgearbeitet, angepasst und für städteplanerische Prozesse verfügbar gemacht. In ersten Modelldurchläufen für ein Testgebiet in Herne konnte durch die Kombination verschiedener Technologien eine rechnerische Minimierung der monetären Kosten um 19 % bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen um 36 % ermittelt werden. Durch ein emissionsoptimiertes Szenario können die CO2-Emissionen um 47 % reduziert werden, was jedoch mit einer Steigerung der Kosten um 29 % einhergeht.
About 75% of the world's energy consumption takes place in cities. Although their large energy consumption attracts a large number of research projects, only a small fraction of them deal with approaches to model energy systems of city districts. These are particularly complex due to the existence of multiple energy sectors (multi-energy systems, MES), different consumption sectors (mixed-use), and different stakeholders who have many different interests.
This contribution is a review of the characteristics of energy system models and existing modeling tools. It evaluates current studies and identifies typical characteristics of models designed to optimize MES in mixed-use districts. These models operate at a temporal resolution of at least 1 h, follow either bottom-up or hybrid analytical approaches and make use of mixed-integer programming, linear or dynamic.
These characteristics were then used to analyze minimum requirements for existing modeling tools. Thirteen of 145 tools included in the study turned out to be suitable for optimizing MES in mixed-use districts. Other tools where either created for other fields of application (12), do not include any methodology of optimization (39), are not suitable to cover city districts as a geographical domain (44), do not include enough energy or demand sectors (20), or operate at a too coarse temporal resolution (17). If additional requirements are imposed, e.g. the applicability of non-financial assessment criteria and open source availability, only two tools remain.
Overall it can be stated that there are very few modeling tools suitable for the optimization of MES in mixed-use districts.