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In this study, we use a hybrid mode-locked external cavity diode laser with subsequent amplification and pulse compression. The system provides laser pulses of 440 fs width (assuming a sech² pulse shape) and 160 mW average output power at a repetition rate of 383.1 MHz. The laser oscillator consists of a double quantum well laser diode with a gain segment of 1080 μm length and an absorber element of 80 μm lengths. The chip’s back facet is covered with a high reflective coating, the front facet with an anti-reflective coating. The resonator itself is operated in a collimated geometry and folded by two dielectric mirrors. The used output coupler provides a transmission of 20 percent, which is coupled into a tapered amplifier. Two Faraday isolators are used to decouple the laser and the amplifier from any back reflections. Subsequently, the pulses are compressed using a single pass Martinez type pulse compressor …
Interfacial modification of [small alpha]-Fe2O3/TiO2 multilayer photoanodes by intercalating few-layer graphene (FLG) was found to improve water splitting efficiency due to superior transport properties, when compared to individual iron and titanium oxides and heterojunctions thereof. Both metal oxides and graphene sheets were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Compared to the onset potential achieved for [small alpha]-Fe2O3 films (1 V vs. RHE), the [small alpha]-Fe2O3/TiO2 bilayer structure yielded a better onset potential (0.3 V vs. RHE). Heterojunctioned bilayers exhibited a higher photocurrent density (0.32 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE) than the single [small alpha]-Fe2O3 layer (0.22 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE), indicating more efficient light harvesting and higher concentration of photogenerated charge carriers. For more efficient charge transport at the interface, a few layer graphene sheet was intercalated into the [small alpha]-Fe2O3/TiO2 interface, which substantially increased the photocurrent density to 0.85 mA cm-2 (1.23 V vs. RHE) and shifted the onset potential (0.25 V vs. RHE). Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy studies indicated that the incorporation of FLG between the [small alpha]-Fe2O3 and TiO2 layers resulted in reduced recombination in the [small alpha]-Fe2O3 layer. The results showed that graphene intercalation improved the charge separation and the photocurrent density of the FTO/[small alpha]-Fe2O3/FLG/TiO2 system.
In this Letter, the authors present the construction of three-dimensional microstructures by two-photon polymerisation induced by ultrashort pulses of a mode-locked diode laser. The ultrafast light source is based on a diode laser with segmented metallisation to realise a waveguide integrated saturable absorber. It is subsequently amplified and compressed resulting in ultrashort laser pulses of 440 fs length and average output power of 160 mW at a fundamental repetition rate of 383.1 MHz. These pulses are coupled into a customised two-photon polymerisation setup. A series of suspended lines were fabricated between support cuboids for testing the process behaviour. A 3D structure with complex features was polymerised to demonstrate the high potential for mode-locked diode lasers in the field of direct laser writing.