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Sediment bypass tunnels are an effective and sustainable strategy against reservoir sedimentation. Sediments are diverted into the down-stream during floods without deposition in the reservoir, hence mor-phological and ecological variability increases. One major drawback of these tunnels is the severe invert abrasion due to a combination of high flow velocities and bedload sediment transport. The abrasion phenom-ena is briefly described, different abrasion prediction models are pre-sented and their applicability for the estimation of concrete abrasion is discussed.
A major drawback of sediment bypass tunnels is the potential for severe invert abrasion due to intense bedload sediment transport. This paper briefly describes the abrasion phenomena as well as the available models used to predict invert material loss. The application and calibration is demonstrated on the basis of the Mud Mountain sediment bypass tunnel, Washington, USA.
Supercritical sediment-laden open channel flows occur in many hydraulic structures including dam outlets, weirs, and bypass tunnels. Due to high flow velocities and sediment flux severe problems such as erosion and abrasion damages are expected in these structures (Jacobs et al., 2001). Sediment bypass tunnels (SBT), as an effective measure to decrease reservoir sedimentation by bypassing sediments during floods, are exceptionally prone to high abrasion causing significant annual maintenance cost (Sumi et al., 2004; Auel and Boes, 2011). The Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) of ETH Zurich conducted a laboratory study to counteract these negative effects (Auel, 2014). The main goals of the project were to analyze the fundamental physical processes in supercritical flows as present in SBTs by investigating the mean and turbulence flow characteristics (Auel et al., 2014a), particle motion (Auel et al., 2014b; 2015b), and abrasion development caused by transported sediment. Besides new insights into the three listed topics, paramount interest is given to their inter-relations and the development of an easily applicable abrasion prediction model (Auel et al., 2015a). This paper presents selected results on the second topic, i.e. the analysis of saltation trajectories of single coarse particles in supercritical flow.
Single glass sphere motion recordings were conducted in a transitional-rough bed open channel at steady and highly supercritical flow similar to hydraulic conditions in sediment bypass tunnels. A high speed camera with a maximum resolution of 2,560 × 2,160 pixels was used to record the movement of bedload particles with diameters of D = 5.3, 10.3 and 17.5 mm. An in-house developed Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) program was used to determine the transport mode and velocities of each particle for a wide range of Froude numbers up to Fo = 6. The relative roughness defined as the ratio of the bed roughness height ks to the water depth h varied from ks/h = 0.02–0.03. Particles were observed to move in rolling and saltation modes depending on the Shields number. The particle velocity shows a linearly increasing relationship with both friction velocity and Froude number nearly independent on the particle diameter. A linear relationship was also found between rolling and saltating particle velocities indicating that particle velocity does not depend on the transport mode in the range of the investigated hydraulic conditions. Scaling of particle velocity with the wave celerity plotted as a function of the Froude number adequately merged external data sets with the present data. As a consequence, a linear fit for a large Froude number range was obtained.
Beschreibung von Qualitätsmerkmalen und deren Messmethodik in der Abfall- und Wertstoffabfuhr
(2013)
Im Auftrag der Entsorgergemeinschaft der Deutschen Entsorgungswirtschaft e.V. (EdDE) wurde eine neue Messmethodik zur Bewertung der Qualität der Abfall- und Wertstoffabfuhr erarbeitet. Die Messmethodik soll erstmals die Qualität der Dienstleistung in diesem Bereich vor Ort durch geeignete Indikatoren messbar und vergleichbar machen. Die je nach Gegebenheit modulartig auswählbaren, einheitlichen Bewertungsmaßstäbe bieten die Chance zu einer realistischen Einschätzung der Qualität der gebotenen Dienstleistung. Damit ist die Messmethodik sowohl für Auftraggeber, welche die beauftragte Abfuhr hinsichtlich ihrer Qualität überprüfen wollen, als auch für Entsorgungsunternehmen, welche im Rahmen ihrer eigenen Qualitätssicherung ihre Dienstleistung bewerten wollen, interessant und anwendbar. Die Studie bietet darüber hinaus eine solide Basis für aktuell stattfindende Beratungen zur Erarbeitung einer nationalen beziehungsweise europäischen Norm im Bereich der Abfall- und Wertstofflogistik. Die EdDE hat den Forschungsbericht "Beschreibung von Qualitätsmerkmalen und deren Messmethodik in der Abfall- und Wertstoffabfuhr" im Rahmen Ihrer Schriftenreihe als EdDE-Dokumentation Nr. 15 veröffentlicht.
In the German design code ATV-M 127-2, three host pipe states are differentiated: State I for leaky sewers without cracks, state II for sewers with longitudinal cracks but a stable soil pipe system, and state III for cracked pipes with larger deformations and considerable risk of collapse in the near future. State II sewers that are close to the traffic surface must be calculated as a state III situation. On the other hand, the US Standard ASTM F 1216 defines two states: structurally safe and fully deteriorated sewers. This paper examines the common aspects and differences between the two codes. A simple non-linear numerical approach is presented to evaluate the actual safety of the host pipe-soil system based on the following parameters: 1. the pipe material (e. g. age, corrosion depth, state of the contact zones), 2. the measured or estimated pipe deformations, 3. the soil group, stiffness, and possible voids occurring next to the springlines of the pipe, 4. the loading to be applied on the deteriorated pipe-soil system. Using stability and ultimate stress criteria, the safety of the system can be defined in a rational way. Missing parameters have to be introduced into the algorithm conservatively. Case studies are presented to demonstrate safe estimations for the host pipe state. The consequences on the required wall thickness of a lining and the application of non-circular linings are shown. The wall thicknesses resulting from a design for the fully deteriorated state as defined by the design codes in both the USA and Germany are compared and discussed.
Sediment Bypass Tunnels are operated to divert sediment around reservoirs reducing reservoir sedimentation. A major drawback of these tunnels is severe invert abrasion due to high velocity and sediment flows. There is an urgent need to establish innovative measurement systems of sediment transport rates in SBTs. In this paper, three bedload measuring systems, namely hydrophones, geophones, and newly developed plate microphones are introduced and compared. The Koshibu SBT is planned to operate from 2016. Plate microphones combined with geophones and other planned systems are installed in the tunnel. Results of preliminary tests and installation plans of bedload
measurement are presented.
To understand the effects of sediment bypass on environmental recovery of the degraded channels below dams, bed topography and bed materials above and below dam reaches were surveyed by ground-based measurements and aerial photos using quadrocopter. Coarse bed materials such as boulders were more represented below than above the Koshibu dam, where the bypass tunnel had not been in operation yet. The coarse materials formed steps and protruded in the water column within riffles and runs, both of which can increase slow-flow areas, below the dam. On the other hand, sand, gravel, and cobbles were abundant below as much as above the Asahi dam, where the bypass tunnel had been operated for >17 years. The downstream environment in terms of bed topography and grain size seems to have almost been recovered for the Asahi dam. However, less representation of large cobbles and boulders below the dam suggested a possibility of a selective deposition of coarse materials at the upstream of the bypass tunnel inlet.
Nach einer kurzen Bestandsaufnahme zur Ingenieurmathematik an Hochschulen werden langjährige Testergebnisse zu den Mathematik-Vorkenntnissen der Studienanfänger im Fach Bauingenieurwesen dargestellt. Auf eine Diskussion über die Folgen der aufgezeigten Defizite werden zunächst allgemeine organisatorische und inhaltliche Vorschläge gemacht, wie diese Defizite im Ingenieurstudium abgebaut werden können. Anschließend wird ein detailliertes Lehrkonzept für die Ingenieurmathematik beschrieben, das der Autor zusammen mit Kollegen entwickelt und viele Jahre lang erfolgreich durchgeführt hat. Im Anhang wird ein vom Autor entworfener Fragebogen zur Evaluation der Mathematik-Lehrveranstaltung vorgestellt und kommentiert.