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Mit wenigen Ausnahmen wird im elektrischen Versorgungssystem die Pumpspeichertechnik zur Pufferung größerer Abweichungen zwischen momentanem Stromverbrauch und -erzeugung und zur zeitlichen Verschiebung von Lasten eingesetzt. Erste großtechnische Anlagen wurden bereits Ende der zwanziger Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts in Deutschland gebaut, um die Auslastung thermischer Kraftwerke gleichmäßiger zu ermöglichen. Pumpspeicherwerke bieten sich somit als Referenztechnologie an, mit der sich neue Entwicklungen messen müssen. Ein Überblick.
Im Rahmen eines USA-Praxissemesters der erstgenannten Autorin an der Tulane University in New Orleans wurden im Jahr 1995 in Zusammenarbeit mit Pipe Liners, Inc. Außendruckversuche an PE-HD-Linern durchgeführt. Bei diesen Versuchen sollte der maximale Beuldruck unter Variation von Randbedingungen des Liners im Altrohr (hier: Längsversatz und Ovalisierung) ermittelt werden. Außerdem war die Ermittlung des Zeitstandverhaltens der mit konstantem Außendruck beaufschlagten Versuchskörper ein wichtiges Versuchsziel. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden unter Verwendung der vom Zweitverfasser entwickelten nichtlinearen Theorie ausgewertet.
Technological solutions to the challenge of dangerous climate change are urgent and necessary but to be effective they need to be accompanied by reductions in the total level of consumption and production of goods and services. This is for three reasons. First, private consumption and its associated production are among the key drivers of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, especially among highly emitting industrialized economies. There is no evidence that decoupling of the economy from GHG emissions is possible at the scale and speed needed. Second, investments in more sustainable infrastructure, including renewable energy, needed in coming decades will require extensive amounts of energy, largely from fossil sources, which will use up a significant share of the two-degree carbon budget. Third, improving the standard of living of the world’s poor will consume a major portion of the available carbon allowance. The scholarly community has a responsibility to put the issue of consumption and the associated production on the research and policy agenda.
Ausgelöst durch das neue Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz werden derzeit in zahlreichen Gebietskörperschaften Maßnahmen zur Erweiterung der Wertstofferfassung bis hin zur Erarbeitung einer Wertstoffstrategie unternommen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Ausgestaltung in der Praxis sowie die bisherigen Erfahrungen, die durch die Begleitung vieler Modellversuche ermittelt wurden.
Cloudbasierte Bibliothekssysteme stellen die neue Generation der Bibliothekssysteme dar. Sie ermöglichen ein gemeinsames Management von Print- und elektronischen Medien. Da in der Hochschulbibliothek der Fachhochschule Münster die elektronischen Ressourcen entscheidend zur Literaturversorgung von Lehrenden und Studierenden beitragen, beschäftigt sich ein Projektteam seit Ende 2014 mit der Evaluation des Systems WorldShare Management Services (WMS) der Firma OCLC. Die ersten Ergebnisse und einige weitere Überlegungen zur Migration des Systems werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt.
The annual wastewater flow that is treated by public
wastewater treatment plants in Germany amounts
to approx. 10 ∗ 10^9 m3/a and forms an ”artificial” hydropower
potential that can be used for energy generation
or recovery. In the context of this paper, energy
recovery in the outlet of wastewater treatment plants
is examined using the specific example of the water
wheel at the Warendorf central wastewater treatment
plant. The ”artificial” hydropower potential can be
roughly estimated at up to 20 to 105 GWh/a , whereby
this is largely dependent on the hydraulic gradient.
The strong variance results, among other things, from
the findings of the water wheel operation in Warendorf.
The decisive aspect here is the differential factor,
which describes the deviation between the theoretical
and actual energy yield of the water wheel. The
factor includes maintenance work, downtimes and insufficient
inflows, which are associated with a loss of
output. In the case study, the annual energy recovery
amounts to approx. 2 % of the annual electricity consumption
of the wastewater treatment plant and can
be estimated to 23,500 kWh (2022). In the context
of the economic analysis, it can be seen that despite
the ”low” yield, economic operation is possible if the
system is viewed as a long-term investment - payback
period of the example is approx. 14,5 years. The
27-year operation (1996 - 2023) of the water wheel
at the Warendorf central wastewater treatment plant
confirms this and important findings on successful
practical operation can be shown in the context of
this paper.
Wastewater generation model to predict impacts of urine separation on wastewater treatment plants
(2024)
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are under increasing pressure to enhance resource efficiency and reduce emissions into water bodies. The separation of urine within the catchment area may be an alternative to mitigate the need for costly expansions of central WWTPs. While previous investigations assumed a spatially uniform implementation of urine separation across the catchment area, the present study focuses on an adapted stochastic wastewater generation model, which allows the simulation of various wastewater streams (e.g., urine) on a household level. This enables the non-uniform separation of urine across a catchment area. The model is part of a holistic modelling framework to determine the influence of targeted urine separation in catchments on the operation and emissions of central WWTPs, which will be briefly introduced. The wastewater generation model is validated through an extensive sampling and measurement series.
Results based on observed and simulated wastewater quantity and quality for a catchment area of 366 residents for two dry weather days indicate the suitability of the model for wastewater generation and transport modelling. Based on this, four scenarios for urine separation were defined. The results indicate a potential influence of spatial distribution on the peaks of total nitrogen and total phosphorus.
Background
Degenerative musculoskeletal disorders are among the most frequent diseases occurring in adulthood, often impairing patients' functional mobility and physical activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the impact of three frequent degenerative musculoskeletal disorders -- knee osteoarthritis (knee OA), hip osteoarthritis (hip OA) and lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) -- on patients' walking ability.
Methods
The study included 120 participants, with 30 in each patient group and 30 healthy control individuals. A uniaxial accelerometer, the StepWatch™ Activity Monitor (Orthocare Innovations, Seattle, Washington, USA), was used to determine the volume (number of gait cycles per day) and intensity (gait cycles per minute) of walking ability. Non-parametric testing was used for all statistical analyses.
Results
Both the volume and the intensity of walking ability were significantly lower among the patients in comparison with the healthy control individuals (p < 0.001). Patients with LSS spent 0.4 (IQR 2.8) min/day doing moderately intense walking (>50 gait cycles/min), which was significantly lower in comparison with patients with knee and hip OA at 2.5 (IQR 4.4) and 3.4 (IQR 16.1) min/day, respectively (p < 0.001). No correlations between demographic or anthropometric data and walking ability were found. No technical problems or measuring errors occurred with any of the measurements.
Conclusions
Patients with degenerative musculoskeletal disorders suffer limitations in their walking ability. Objective assessment of walking ability appeared to be an easy and feasible tool for measuring such limitations as it provides baseline data and objective information that are more precise than the patients' own subjective estimates. In everyday practice, objective activity assessment can provide feedback for clinicians regarding patients' performance during everyday life and the extent to which this confirms the results of clinical investigations. The method can also be used as a way of encouraging patients to develop a more active lifestyle.
Learning digital competencies can be successful if the information is also tried out immediately using interactive elements. However, interactive teaching poses a particular challenge, especially in large group formats. Various strategies are used to promote interaction, but there is little known about the results. This article shows different strategies and evaluates their influence on the interaction rate in a large group course over two terms that teaches digital medicine. Log files and participation in surveys as well as participation in chat were quantitatively evaluated. In addition, the chat messages themselves were evaluated qualitatively. For the evaluation, relation to the total number of participants was particularly relevant in order to be able to determine an interaction rate in the individual course sessions. A maximum average interaction rate of 90.97% could be determined over the entire term while the participants wrote an average of 3.96 comments during a session in the chat. In summary, this research could show that interactive elements should be well planned and used at regular intervals in order to reap the benefits.