620 Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
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Astronomy is driven by the quest for higher sensitivity and improved angular resolution in order to detect fainter or smaller objects. The far-infrared to submillimeter domain is a unique probe of the cold and obscured Universe, harboring for instance the precious signatures of key elements such as water. Space observations are mandatory given the blocking effect of our atmosphere. However the methods we have relied on so far to develop increasingly larger telescopes are now reaching a hard limit, with the JWST illustrating this in more than one way (e.g. it will be launched by one of the most powerful rocket, it requires the largest existing facility on Earth to be qualified). With the Thinned Aperture Light Collector (TALC) project, a concept of a deployable 20 m annular telescope, we propose to break out of this deadlock by developing novel technologies for space telescopes, which are disruptive in three aspects: • An innovative deployable mirror whose topology, based on stacking rather than folding, leads to an optimum ratio of collecting area over volume, and creates a telescope with an eight times larger collecting area and three times higher angular resolution compared to JWST from the same pre-deployed volume; • An ultra-light weight segmented primary mirror, based on electrodeposited Nickel, Composite and Honeycomb stacks, built with a replica process to control costs and mitigate the industrial risks; • An active optics control layer based on piezo-electric layers incorporated into the mirror rear shell allowing control of the shape by internal stress rather than by reaction on a structure. We present in this paper the roadmap we have built to bring these three disruptive technologies to technology readiness level 3. We will achieve this goal through design and realization of representative elements: segments of mirrors for optical quality verification, active optics implemented on representative mirror stacks to characterize the shape correction capabilities, and mechanical models for validation of the deployment concept. Accompanying these developments, a strong system activity will ensure that the ultimate goal of having an integrated system can be met, especially in terms of (a) scalability toward a larger structure, and (b) verification philosophy.
Body energy harvesting for WSN. State of art and examples
Characterization of a miniaturized unimorph deformable mirror for high power cw-solid state lasers
(2012)
We have developed a new type of unimorph deformable mirror for real-time intra-cavity phase control of high power cw-lasers. The approach is innovative in its combination of super-polished and pre-coated highly reflective substrates, the miniaturization of the unimorph principle, and the integration of a monolithic tip/tilt functionality. Despite the small optical aperture of only 9 mm diameter, the mirror is able to produce a stroke of several microns for low order Zernike modes, paired with a residual static root-mean-square aberration of less than 0.04 µm. In this paper, the characteristics of the mirror such as the influence functions, the dynamic behavior, and the power handling capability are reported. The mirror was subjected to a maximum of 490 W of laser-light at a wavelength of 1030 nm. Due to the high reflectivity of over 99.998 percent the mirror is able to withstand intensities up to 1.5 MW/cm2.
In order to avoid optical damage and non-linear effects, high-power, high-energy lasers of the petawatt class like PHELIX (petawatt high-energy laser for heavy-ion experiments) use large-aperture optics. Usually, chromatic aberration associated with these optical elements is neglected. By means of numerical simulations, we show how the chromatic aberration affects the focal intensity pattern. In particular, we make quantitative predictions of how chromatic aberration decreases the focused peak intensity. Furthermore, we prove the feasibility of a new interferometer that measures the temporal pulse front distortions which arise from expansion telescopes. We also propose a scheme that pre-compensates these distortions.
DARP is a new protocol proposal with some interesting features like dynamic roles and the use of virtual sub-networks. This article discusses about the wireless sensor network state of art and presents some desirable features in order to adapt these networks to new scenarios. These necessities are quite important to expand the applicability of wireless sensor networks and for this reason, here DARP is proposed.
A numerical analysis of laser resonators with aberrations is presented. {T}he analysis shows that aberrations lead to large diffraction losses of laser resonators which are laid out to produce diffraction-limited beam quality. {S}tatic or dynamic compensation of the aberrations is possible and would yield much higher output power.
With the assessment of sewers and drains generally recognised criteria such as tightness, stability, hydraulic capability and efficiency are valid. For the assessment of the stability, however, there are often uncertainties. In this connection the ATV-DVWK Advisory Leaflet ATV M 127-2 represents a practical development of the system of rules and standards for the stability of earth-bedded pipelines that is called upon in the case of dimensioning for rehabilitation procedures. Nevertheless, further assumptions about the pipe-soil system are necessary which often are based on individual appraisals and experiences of the designer. To that end, in the years 1999 to the beginning of 2002, extensive experiments and theoretical investigations were carried out at the Universities of Bremen and Muenster as well as at the Bremen hanseWasser GmbH in order to assess more reliably the load-carrying capacity in particular of damaged host pipes in the ground. The research was supported by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMB+F) under the short title ASSUR. The paper gives a view of the essential contents of the research; further information can be taken from the final report to ASSUR.
The German Code ATV-M 127-2 published in 2000 for the design of linings to rehabilitate sewers has proved itself a helpful guideline to find the optimum wall thickness of any liner material, e.g. CIPP or stainless steel sleeves. Many rehabilitation projects in different European countries have been performed successfully using this code. The code differentiates between three host pipe states: State I for untight sewers without cracks, state II for sewers with longitudinal cracks but a stable soil pipe system and state III for cracked pipes with larger deformations and considerable risk to collapse in the near future. State II sewers but installed close to the traffic surface must be calculated as a state III situation too. According to the code stress, deformation and stability tests are necessary. For many practical cases charts with stress factors and imperfection reductions allow to design without a computer. Numerous theoretical and experimental papers are available which mainly deal with circular linings. An evaluation of design codes carried out by experts of different countries shows a fairly good coincidence of the required wall thicknesses, but the assessment of pipeline damages by engineers is sometimes resulting in quite different assumptions necessary for the design input parameters. The paper reports about the progress in liner design since the 1st edition of the code. Additional clauses have to be introduced into the 2nd edition for non circular geometries (e.g. for hood and rectangular profile), imperfections describing practical and theoretical situations and new applications (e.g. railway crossings). International discussion can be useful to find safe and resources saving constructions.
We have developed a new type of unimorph deformable mirror for the correction of low-order Zernike modes. The mirror features a clear aperture of 50 mm combined with large peak-to-valley amplitudes of up to 35 μm. Newly developed fabrication processes allow the use of prefabricated, coated, super-polished glass substrates. The mirror's unique features suggest the use in several astronomical applications like the compensation of atmospheric aberrations seen by laser beacons, low light astronomy, and the use in woofer-tweeter systems. Additionally, the design enables an efficient correction of the inevitable wave-front error imposed by the floppy structure of primary mirrors in future large space telescopes. We have modeled the mirror by using analytical as well as finite element models. We will present design, key features and manufacturing steps of the deformable mirror.
We present a novel unimorph deformable mirror with a diameter of only 10 mm that will be used in adaptive resonators of high power solid state lasers. The relationship between applied voltage and deformation of a unimorph mirror depends on the piezoelectric material properties, layer thicknesses, boundary conditions, and the electrode pattern. An analytical equation for the deflection of the piezoelectric unimorph structure is derived, based on the electro-elastic and thin plate theory. The validity of the proposed analytical model has been proven by numerical finite-element modelling and experimental results. Our mirror design has been optimized to obtain the highest possible stroke and a high resonance frequency.