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The water balance of urban areas differs considerably from the landscape water balance. Increased surface runoff, reduced groundwater recharge and evaporation change the hydrological regime, the morphology and ecology of water bodies close to the cities, the groundwater in the urban area and the urban climate. Today's urban drainage systems are designed to prevent, reduce, drain, seep away, evaporate or discharge precipitation into nearby surface waters with considerable delays. In doing so, it follows the principles of the German Water Resources Act (WHG) and the objectives of the relevant technical regulations DWA-A 102 to keep changes in the natural water balance by settlement activities as low as ecologically, technically and economically acceptable. A reference for the "natural" water balance has to be defined as a planning objective in order to quantify the hydrological changes in settlements. As a suitable reference, we propose to use the water balance of the landscape of the associated ecoregion with today's cultural land use without urban developments. This approach is more suitable to define local conditions than the water balance of the enclosed catchment. The presented calculation approach to define reference values of the water balance, uses soil and geological properties, precipitation and climate data and can be implemented and applied uniformly throughout Germany. The water balances in this study are simulated with the water balance model RoGeR. In this study, the developed approach is applied for five locations in Germany.
The in-situ performance of large decentralised stormwater treatment systems is investigated by means of continuous turbidity measurements. Turbidity measurements are used as a surrogate to continuously estimate Total Suspended Solid (TSS) concentrations. TSS event loads are calculated at the inlet and outlet of two stormwater treatment systems, which both are installed at the outlet of catchments with high pollution potential. The event-specific performance is defined as ratio between TSS loads of inflow and outflow. Based on measurement data obtained, the overall TSS load retention efficiency is about 32 %.
The stormwater management model SWMM of the US EPA is widely used to analyse, design or optimise urban drainage systems. To perform advanced analysis and visualisations of model data this technical note introduces the R package swmmr. It contains functions to read and write SWMM files, initiate simulations from the R console and to convert SWMM model files to and from GIS data. Additionally, model data can be transformed to produce high quality visualisations. In accordance with SWMM’s open source policy the package can be obtained through github.com or the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).