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Ziel der Studie war, ausgehend von einer Gefährdungsanalyse und einer Risikoeinschätzung, einen Leitfaden zur systematischen Berücksichtigung der relevanten ergonomischen Aspekte bei der Gestaltung von Medizinprodukten zu erarbeiten. Hierzu sollte der für die Maschinennormung entwickelte Ergonomie-Leitfaden EN 13861 an die besonderen Anforderungen bei der Gestaltung von Medizinprodukten angepasst werden.
Ten opzichte van de richtlijnen voor direct in de bodem ingebedde leidingen (In Duitsland betreft het de richtlijn ATV A127[1], in Frankrijk de Fascicule 70, in Nederland Cur n° 122 voor betonbuizen) vereist de richtlijn voor de statische berekening van linersystemen (kousrelining, u lining, buis in buislining...) voor de sanering van beschadigde riolen een grondig andere aanpak en berekeningsmethodiek. Onder meer zijn voor liners volgende parameters van belang: Toestand van de beschadigde leiding. Wanneer de oude leiding vervormd is, zal bij close fit renovatiesystemen zoals kousliners ook de liner zelf voorvervormingen vertonen. Bij deze onvolkomenheden wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen lokale intrusie (opbolling) globale voorvervorming (ovalisatie); Materiaalkarakteristieken van de liner samenhangend met de uitharding (vorming van ringspleet enz.); Hoge drukspanningen door externe waterdruk in combinatie met de geringe wanddikte en de relatief lage elasticiteitsmodulus van de liner; De liggingcondities van de liner in de beschadigde leiding (aanwezigheid van scheuren, radiale en axiale verplaatsing enz..); Specifieke eigenschappen van de materialen waaruit de liner is opgebouwd (Elasticiteitsmodulus en buigtreksterkte op lange termijn) Vragen in verband met de stabiliteit van saneringsystemen werden de afgelopen jaren uitgebreid in internationale fora en wereldwijd bediscussieerd, [2] tot [5], en om de mechanische draagkracht ervan na te gaan werden omvangrijke proeven uitgevoerd, [2], [4], [6], [12] en [18]. Aan de hand van het document Merkblatt ATV-M 127-2 [14] is het mogelijk om statische berekeningen op een voor liners adequate wijze uit te voeren en is het mogelijk controleberekeningen uit te voeren zoals dit in Duitsland in het document Merkblatt ATV-M 143-3 [13] geëist wordt.
Multi-National and Multi-Entity capable Securities Order Management System for Electronic Brokerages
(2004)
The current bear market has forced electronic brokerages to compensate the transaction-driven fixed cost degression effect of bull markets by cost containment programs, while maintaining their position in the expanded markets. Orderflow consolidation will be the key principle to obtain the critical mass for this business. Options for the consolidation of the order flow can be the consolidation across internal entities / countries of the group and the acquisition of external order volumes e.g. via brokerage franchises. The current system landscape is not designed to support multi-national and multi-entity order flow consolidation. Fragmented, redundant, legacy-based and proprietary securities order management systems have been utilized to ensure market readiness in the former bull market. This article outlines the requirements and architecture for securities order management systems which enable the efficient orderflow consolidation across entities and countries in the brokerage industry.
This article analyses the impacts on the brokerage business of existing market trends. It is here argued that the current situation shows the potential for insourcing offerings in the order routing.
The former bull market has led to developments in the online brokerage industry such as over-capacity, profit-margin pressure, high fixed costs and unprofitable country expansion in the current bear market environment. In order to manage this situation, tactical measures like cost containment programs and closing of international brokerages have been applied. More strategic approaches like order flow consolidation by brokerage franchises, integrated online & branch brokerages and multinational electronic brokerages are valid alternative responses to these developments. This article outlines the Multi-National Electronic Brokerage approach from a strategic, functional, operational and technical perspective.
With the assessment of sewers and drains generally recognised criteria such as tightness, stability, hydraulic capability and efficiency are valid. For the assessment of the stability, however, there are often uncertainties. In this connection the ATV-DVWK Advisory Leaflet ATV M 127-2 represents a practical development of the system of rules and standards for the stability of earth-bedded pipelines that is called upon in the case of dimensioning for rehabilitation procedures. Nevertheless, further assumptions about the pipe-soil system are necessary which often are based on individual appraisals and experiences of the designer. To that end, in the years 1999 to the beginning of 2002, extensive experiments and theoretical investigations were carried out at the Universities of Bremen and Muenster as well as at the Bremen hanseWasser GmbH in order to assess more reliably the load-carrying capacity in particular of damaged host pipes in the ground. The research was supported by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMB+F) under the short title ASSUR. The paper gives a view of the essential contents of the research; further information can be taken from the final report to ASSUR.