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Imaging methods by the means of optical sensors are applied in diverse scientific areas such as medical research and diagnostics, aerodynamics, environmental analysis, or marine research. After a general introduction to the field, this review is focused on works published between 2012 and 2022. The covered topics include planar sensors (optrodes), nanoprobes, and sensitive coatings. Advanced sensor materials combined with imaging technologies enable the visualization of parameters which exhibit no intrinsic color or fluorescence, such as oxygen, pH, CO2, H2O2, Ca2+, or temperature. The progress on the development of multiple sensors and methods for referenced signal read out is also highlighted, as is the recent progress in device design and application formats using model systems in the lab or methods for measurements’ in the field.
Optical sensors are often a combination of optical fibers or waveguides and sensitive layers which consist of organic or metal-organic dyes incorporated in a polymer or silica film which change their absorbance or photoluminescence (fluorescence or phosphorescence) properties due to interaction with the analyte molecules. The focus of this chapter is on the description of inorganic materials used in electrochemical sensors, because these found widespread applications in gas-sensors and ion-selective electrodes. The response of such sensors can be due to a change of inherent properties of the sensing material (conductivity, capacitance or permittivity) or a change of the measured current or voltage in an electrochemical cell (amperometric or potentiometric sensors).