TY - JOUR A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Wiese, Frauke T1 - Indicators for the optimization of sustainable urban energy systems based on energy system modeling JF - Energy, Sustainability and Society N2 - Background: Urban energy systems are responsible for 75 % of the world's energy consumption and for 70 % of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Energy system models are used to optimize, benchmark and compare such energy systems with the help of energy sustainability indicators. We discuss several indicators for their basic suitability and their response to changing boundary conditions, system structures and reference values. The most suitable parameters are applied to four different supply scenarios of a real-world urban energy system. Results: There is a number of energy sustainability indicators, but not all of them are suitable for the use in urban energy system optimization models. Shortcomings originate from the omission of upstream energy supply chains (secondary energy efficiency), from limited capabilities to compare small energy systems (energy productivity), from excessive accounting expense (regeneration rate), from unsuitable accounting methods (primary energy efficiency), from a questionable impact of some indicators on the overall system sustainability (self-sufficiency), from the lack of detailed information content (share of renewables), and more. On the other hand, indicators of absolute greenhouse gas emissions, energy costs, and final energy demand are well suitable for the use in optimization models. However, each of these indicators only represents partial aspects of energy sustainability; the use of only one indicator in the optimization process increases the risk that other important aspects will deteriorate significantly, eventually leading to suboptimal or even unrealistic scenarios in practice. Therefore, multi-criteria approaches should be used to enable a more holistic optimization and planning of sustainable urban energy systems. Conclusion: We recommend multi-criteria optimization approaches using the indicators of absolute greenhouse gas emissions, absolute energy costs, and absolute energy demand. For benchmarking and comparison purposes, specific indicators should be used and therefore related to the final energy demand, respectively the number of inhabitants. Our example scenarios demonstrate modeling strategies to optimize sustainability of urban energy systems. KW - energy system modeling KW - urban energy systems KW - Multi-objective optimization KW - energy sustainability KW - Multi-energy systems Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-145136 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hörnschemeyer, Birgitta A1 - Söfker-Rieniets, Anne A1 - Niesten, Jan A1 - Arendt, Rosalie A1 - Kleckers, Jonas A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Stretz, Celestin Julian A1 - Reicher, Christa A1 - Grimsehl-Schmitz, Winona A1 - Wirbals, Daniel A1 - Bach, Vanessa A1 - Finkbeiner, Matthias A1 - Haberkamp, Jens A1 - Budde, Janik A1 - Vennemann, Peter A1 - Walter, Gotthard A1 - Flamme, Sabine A1 - Uhl, Mathias T1 - The ResourcePlan — An Instrument for Resource-Efficient Development of Urban Neighborhoods JF - Sustainability N2 - In Germany, the current sectoral urban planning often leads to inefficient use of resources, partly because municipalities lack integrated planning instruments and argumentation strength toward politics, investors, or citizens. The paper develops the ResourcePlan as (i) legal and (ii) a planning instrument to support the efficient use of resources in urban neighborhoods. The integrative, multi-methodological approach addresses the use of natural resources in the building and infrastructural sectors of (i) water (storm- and wastewater) management, (ii) construction and maintenance of buildings and infrastructure, (iii) urban energy system planning, and (iv) land-use planning. First, the development as legal instrument is carried out, providing (i) premises for integrating resource protection at all legal levels and (ii) options for implementing the ResourcePlan within German municipal structures. Second, the evaluation framework for resource efficiency of the urban neighborhoods is set up for usage as a planning instrument. The framework provides a two-stage process that runs through the phases of setting up and implementing the ResourcePlan. (Eco)system services are evaluated as well as life cycle assessment and economic aspects. As a legal instrument, the ResourcePlan integrates resource protection into municipal planning and decision-making processes. The multi-methodological evaluation framework helps to assess inter-disciplinary resource efficiency, supports the spatial identification of synergies and conflicting goals, and contributes to transparent, resource-optimized planning decisions. KW - resource efficiency KW - resource management KW - urban neighborhood KW - urban planning KW - urban development Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-148545 VL - 14 IS - 3 PB - MDPI ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hörnschemeyer, Birgitta A1 - Söfker-Rieniets, Anne A1 - Niesten, Jan A1 - Arendt, Rosalie A1 - Kleckers, Jonas A1 - Stretz, Celestin A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Budde, Janik A1 - Wagner, Rüdiger A1 - Vonhoegen, Laura A1 - Reicher, Christa A1 - Grimsehl-Schmitz, Winona A1 - Wirbals, Daniel A1 - Stieglitz-Broll, Eva-Maria A1 - Agatz, Kerstin A1 - Bach, Vanessa A1 - Finkbeiner, Matthias A1 - Lewe, Mareike A1 - Henrichs, Malte A1 - Haberkamp, Jens A1 - Walter, Gotthard A1 - Flamme, Sabine A1 - Vennemann, Peter A1 - Zamzow, Malte A1 - Seis, Wolfgang A1 - Matzinger, Andreas A1 - Sonnenberg, Hauke A1 - Rouault, Pascale A1 - Maßmann, Stefanie A1 - Fuchs, Lothar A1 - Plogmeier, Christoph A1 - Steinkamp, Arne A1 - Şereflioğlu, Şenay A1 - Müller, Claus A1 - Spital, Matthias A1 - Uhl, Mathias T1 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan – Teil 1: Konzeption RessourcenPlan. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier T3 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier - 1 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-157463 PB - FH Münster CY - Münster ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Budde, Janik A1 - Becker, Gregor A1 - Arendt, Rosalie A1 - Bach, Vanessa A1 - Finkbeiner, Matthias A1 - Vennemann, Peter T1 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan – Teil 2.4: Ressourcenmanagement Energie. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier T3 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier - 2.4 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-157560 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hörnschemeyer, Birgitta A1 - Kleckers, Jonas A1 - Stretz, Celestin A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Budde, Janik A1 - Söfker-Rieniets, Anne A1 - Vonhoegen, Laura A1 - Zamzow, Malte A1 - Matzinger, Andreas A1 - Maßmann, Stefanie A1 - Plogmeier, Christoph T1 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan – Teil 3.1: Kurzanleitung RessourcenPlan. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier T3 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier - 3.1 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-157581 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Söfker-Rieniets, Anne A1 - Vonhoegen, Laura A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Budde, Janik A1 - Hörnschemeyer, Birgitta A1 - Lewe, Mareike A1 - Kleckers, Jonas A1 - Stretz, Celestin T1 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan – Teil 3.2: Lernen von anderen – Booklet „Best-Practice“. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier T3 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier - 3.2 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-157595 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hörnschemeyer, Birgitta A1 - Kleckers, Jonas A1 - Stretz, Celestin A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Budde, Janik A1 - Arendt, Rosalie A1 - Lewe, Mareike A1 - Albers, Flemming T1 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan – Teil 3.3: Maßnahmen des Quartiersmanagements: Maßnahmensteckbriefe. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier T3 - Leitfaden RessourcenPlan. Ergebnisse des Projekts R2Q RessourcenPlan im Quartier - 3.3 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-157603 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Wiese, Frauke A1 - Vennemann, Peter T1 - Model-based run-time and memory reduction for a mixed-use multi-energy system model with high spatial resolution JF - Applied Energy N2 - Local and regional energy systems are becoming increasingly entangled. Therefore, models for optimizing these energy systems are becoming more and more complex and the required computing resources (run-time and random access memory usage) are increasing rapidly. The computational requirements can basically be reduced solver-based (mathematical optimization of the solving process) or model-based (simplification of the real-world problem in the model). This paper deals with identifying how the required computational requirements for solving optimization models of multi-energy systems with high spatial resolution change with increasing model complexity and which model-based approaches enable to reduce the requirements with the lowest possible model deviations. A total of 12 temporal model reductions (reduction of the number of modeled time steps), nine techno-spatial model reductions (reduction of possible solutions), and five combined reduction schemes were theoretically analyzed and practically applied to a test case. The improvement in reducing the usage of computational resources and the impact on the quality of the results were quantified by comparing the results with a non-simplified reference case. The results show, that the run-time to solve a model increases quadratically and memory usage increases linearly with increasing model complexity. The application of various model adaption methods have enabled a reduction of the run-time by over 99% and the memory usage by up to 88%. At the same time, however, some of the methods led to significant deviations of the model results. Other methods require a profound prior knowledge and understanding of the investigated energy systems to be applied. In order to reduce the run-time and memory requirements for investment optimization, while maintaining good quality results, we recommend the application of (1) a pre-model that is used to (1a) perform technological pre-selection and (1b) define reasonable technological boundaries, (2) spatial sub-modeling along network nodes, and 3) temporal simplification by only modeling every nth day (temporal slicing), where at least 20% of the original time steps are modeled. Further simplifications such as spatial clustering or larger temporal simplification can further reduce the computational effort, but also result in significant model deviations. KW - energy system model KW - model-based KW - run-time KW - memory usage KW - multi-energy system Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120574 SN - 0306-2619 VL - 334 SP - 120574 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Becker, Gregor A1 - Tockloth, Jan N. A1 - Budde, Janik A1 - Vennemann, Peter T1 - The Spreadsheet Energy System Model Generator (SESMG): A tool for the optimization of urban energy systems JF - Journal of Open Source Software N2 - The Spreadsheet Energy System Model Generator (SESMG) is a tool for modeling and optimizing energy systems with a focus on urban systems. The SESMG is easily accessible as it comes with a browser-based graphical user interface, spreadsheets to provide data entry, and detailed documentation on how to use it. Programming skills are not required for the installation or application of the tool. The SESMG includes advanced modeling features such as the application of the multi-energy system (MES) approach, multi-objective optimization, model-based methods for reducing computational requirements, and automated conceptualization and result processing of urban energy systems with high spatial resolution. Due to its accessibility and the applied modeling methods, urban energy systems can be modeled and optimized with comparatively low effort. Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-170845 SN - 2475-9066 VL - 8 IS - 89 SP - 5519 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klemm, Christian A1 - Vennemann, Peter A1 - Wiese, Frauke T1 - Potential-risk and no-regret options for urban energy system design — A sensitivity analysis JF - Sustainable Cities and Society N2 - This study identifies supply options for sustainable urban energy systems, which are robust to external system changes. A multi-criteria optimization model is used to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and financial costs of a reference system. Sensitivity analyses examine the impact of changing boundary conditions related to GHG emissions, energy prices, energy demands, and population density. Options that align with both financial and emission reduction and are robust to system changes are called “no-regret” options. Options sensitive to system changes are labeled as “potential-risk” options. There is a conflict between minimizing GHG emissions and financial costs. In the reference case, the emission-optimized scenario enables a reduction of GHG emissions (-93%), but involves higher costs (+160%) compared to the financially-optimized scenario. No-regret options include photovoltaic systems, decentralized heat pumps, thermal storages, electricity exchange between sub-systems and with higher-level systems, and reducing energy demands through building insulation, behavioral changes, or the decrease of living space per inhabitant. Potential-risk options include solar thermal systems, natural gas technologies, high-capacity battery storages, and hydrogen for building energy supply. When energy prices rise, financially-optimized systems approach the least-emission system design. The maximum profitability of natural gas technologies was already reached before the 2022 European energy crisis. KW - sustainable energy KW - urban energy system KW - no-regret KW - sensitivity analysis KW - energy system modeling Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-175686 SN - 2210-6707 VL - 102 SP - 105189 ER -