TY - JOUR A1 - Gebel, Thomas A1 - Foth, Heidi A1 - Damm, Georg A1 - Freyberger, Alexius A1 - Kramer, Peter-Jürgen A1 - Lilienblum, Werner A1 - Röhl, Claudia A1 - Schupp, Thomas A1 - Weiss, Carsten A1 - Wollin, Klaus-Michael A1 - Georg, Jan T1 - Manufactured nanomaterials: categorization and approaches to hazard assessment JF - Arch Toxicol Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1383-7 VL - 88 SP - 2191 EP - 2211 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wollin, Klaus-Michael A1 - Damm, Georg A1 - Foth, Heidi A1 - Freyberger, Alexius A1 - Gebel, Thomas A1 - Mangerich, Aswin A1 - Gundert-Remy, Ursula A1 - Partosch, Falko A1 - Röhl, Claudia A1 - Schupp, Thomas A1 - Hengstler, Jan G. T1 - Critical evaluation of human health risks due to hydraulic fracturing in natural gas and petroleum production JF - Archives of Toxicology N2 - The use of hydraulic fracturing (HF) to extract oil and natural gas has increased, along with intensive discussions on the associated risks to human health. Three technical processes should be differentiated when evaluating human health risks, namely (1) drilling of the borehole, (2) hydraulic stimulation, and (3) gas or oil production. During the drilling phase, emissions such as NOx, NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds) as precursors for tropospheric ozone formation, and SOx have been shown to be higher compared to the subsequent phases. In relation to hydraulic stimulation, the toxicity of frac fluids is of relevance. More than 1100 compounds have been identified as components. A trend is to use fewer, less hazardous and more biodegradable substances; however, the use of hydrocarbons, such as kerosene and diesel, is still allowed in the USA. Methane in drinking water is of low toxicological relevance but may indicate inadequate integrity of the gas well. There is a great concern regarding the contamination of ground- and surface water during the production phase. Water that flows to the surface from oil and gas wells, so-called ‘produced water’, represents a mixture of flow-back, the injected frac fluid returning to the surface, and the reservoir water present in natural oil and gas deposits. Among numerous hazardous compounds, produced water may contain bromide, arsenic, strontium, mercury, barium, radioactive isotopes and organic compounds, particularly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). The sewage outflow, even from specialized treatment plants, may still contain critical concentrations of barium, strontium and arsenic. Evidence suggests that the quality of groundwater and surface water may be compromised by disposal of produced water. Particularly critical is the use of produced water for watering of agricultural areas, where persistent compounds may accumulate. Air contamination can occur as a result of several HF-associated activities. In addition to BTEX, 20 HF-associated air contaminants are group 1A or 1B carcinogens according to the IARC. In the U.S., oil and gas production (including conventional production) represents the second largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions. High-quality epidemiological studies are required, especially in light of recent observations of an association between childhood leukemia and multiple myeloma in the neighborhood of oil and gas production sites. In conclusion, (1) strong evidence supports the conclusion that frac fluids can lead to local environmental contamination; (2) while changes in the chemical composition of soil, water and air are likely to occur, the increased levels are still often below threshold values for safety; (3) point source pollution due to poor maintenance of wells and pipelines can be monitored and remedied; (4) risk assessment should be based on both hazard and exposure evaluation; (5) while the concentrations of frac fluid chemicals are low, some are known carcinogens; therefore, thorough, well-designed studies are needed to assess the risk to human health with high certainty; (6) HF can represent a health risk via long-lasting contamination of soil and water, when strict safety measures are not rigorously applied. KW - Hydraulic Fracturing, Fracing Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02758-7 VL - 94 SP - 967 EP - 1016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schupp, Thomas A1 - Damm, Georg A1 - Foth, Heidi A1 - Freyberger, Alexius A1 - Gebel, Thomas A1 - Gundert-Remy, Ursula A1 - Hengstler, Jan G. A1 - Mangerich, Aswin A1 - Partosch, Falko A1 - Röhl, Claudia A1 - Wollin, Klaus-Michael T1 - Long‑term simulation of lead concentrations in agricultural soils in relation to human adverse health effects JF - Archives of Toxicology N2 - Lead (Pb) exposure of consumers and the environment has been reduced over the past decades. Despite all measures taken, immission of Pb onto agricultural soils still occurs, with fertilizer application, lead shot from hunting activities, and Pb from air deposition representing major sources. Little is known about the intermediate and long-term consequences of these emissions. To gain more insight, we established a mathematical model that considers input from fertilizer, ammunition, deposition from air, uptake of Pb by crops, and wash-out to simulate the resulting Pb concentrations in soil over extended periods. In a further step, human oral exposure by crop-based food was simulated and blood concentrations were derived to estimate the margin of exposure to Pb-induced toxic effects. Simulating current farming scenarios, a new equilibrium concentration of Pb in soil would be established after several centuries. Developmental neurotoxicity represents the most critical toxicological effect of Pb for humans. According to our model, a Pb concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg in agricultural soil leads to an intake of approximately 10 μg Pb per person per day by the consumption of agricultural products, the dose corresponding to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Therefore, 5 mg Pb/kg represents a critical concentration in soil that should not be exceeded. Starting with a soil concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, the current control level for crop fields, our simulation predicts periods of ~ 50 and ~ 175 years for two Pb immission scenarios for mass of Pb per area and year [scenario 1: ~ 400 g Pb/(ha × a); scenario 2: ~ 175 g Pb/(ha × a)], until the critical concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg Pb in soil would be reached. The two scenarios, which differ in their Pb input via fertilizer, represent relatively high but not unrealistic Pb immissions. From these scenarios, we calculated that the annual deposition of Pb onto soil should remain below ~ 100 g/(ha × a) in order not to exceed the critical soil level of 5 mg/kg. We propose as efficient measures to reduce Pb input into agricultural soil to lower the Pb content of compost and to use alternatives to Pb ammunition for hunting. KW - Lead · Pb · Hunting · Gunshot · Fertilizer · Soil contamination · Food contamination · Consumer risk Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02762-x VL - 94 / 2020 SP - 2319 EP - 2329 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Foth, Thomas A1 - Efstathiou, Nikolaos A1 - Vanderspank-Wright, Brandi A1 - Ufholz, Lee-Anne A1 - Dütthorn, Nadin A1 - Zimansky, Manuel A1 - Humphrey-Murto, Susan T1 - The use of Delphi and Nominal Group Technique in nursing education: A review JF - International Journal of Nursing Studies Y1 - 2016 IS - 60 SP - 112 EP - 120 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Foth, Thomas A1 - Hülsken-Giesler, Manfred A1 - Holmes, Dave A1 - Kreutzer, Susanne A1 - Remmers, Hartmut T1 - Critical Approaches in Nursing Theory and Nursing Research. Implications for Nursing Practice Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-8471-0512-1 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737005128 PB - V & R unipress CY - Göttingen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Foth, Thomas A1 - Remmers, Hartmut A1 - Holmes, Dave A1 - Kreutzer, Susanne A1 - Hülsken-Gielser, Manfred T1 - Introduction T2 - Foth, Thomas/Manfred Hülsken-Giesler/Dave Holmes/Susanne Kreutzer/Hartmut Remmers (Hg.): Critical Approaches in Nursing Theory and Nursing Research. Implications for Nursing Practice Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-8471-0512-1 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737005128 SP - 9 EP - 32. PB - V & R unipress CY - Göttingen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lange, Jette A1 - Kreutzer, Susanne A1 - Foth, Thomas T1 - Pflege berechenbar machen. Der Pflegeprozess als Accounting Technology in historischer Perspektive T2 - Neue Technologien für die Pflege. Grundlegende Reflexionen und pragmatische Befunde / Hrsg. Manfred Hülsken-Giesler, Susanne Kreutzer, Nadin Dütthorn Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-8471-1202-0 SP - 231 EP - 253 PB - V&R unipress CY - Göttingen ER -