TY - CHAP A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Thranow, Jan-Ole A1 - Winters, Felix A1 - Glösekötter, Peter T1 - Analysis of switching electronics for metal-air batterie T2 - ICECET, Prag N2 - The subject of this paper is the analysis of various switching electronics for batteries with separate electrodes for charging and discharging. The aim is to find a switching method that is energy-efficient on the one hand, but also economically viable on the other. Both relays and MOSFETs are suitable for switching between the electrodes. Both variants have advantages and disadvantages. The results show that a solution with MOSFETs is generally more energy-efficient, but requires a large number of cycles to be economically viable compared to the relay. KW - Analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICECET55527.2022.9872910 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Rojas Ruiz, Ignacio A1 - Glösekötter, Peter T1 - Battery State Estimation with ANN and SVR Evaluating Electrochemical Impedance Spectra Generalizing DC Currents JF - Applied Sciences N2 - The demand for energy storage is increasing massively due to the electrification of transport and the expansion of renewable energies. Current battery technologies cannot satisfy this growing demand as they are difficult to recycle, as the necessary raw materials are mined under precarious conditions, and as the energy density is insufficient. Metal–air batteries offer a high energy density as there is only one active mass inside the cell and the cathodic reaction uses the ambient air. Various metals can be used, but zinc is very promising due to its disposability and non-toxic behavior, and as operation as a secondary cell is possible. Typical characteristics of zinc–air batteries are flat charge and discharge curves. On the one hand, this is an advantage for the subsequent power electronics, which can be optimized for smaller and constant voltage ranges. On the other hand, the state determination of the system becomes more complex, as the voltage level is not sufficient to determine the state of the battery. In this context, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a promising candidate as the resulting impedance spectra depend on the state of charge, working point, state of aging, and temperature. Previous approaches require a fixed operating state of the cell while impedance measurements are being performed. In this publication, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is therefore combined with various machine learning techniques to also determine successfully the state of charge during charging of the cell at non-fixed charging currents. Keywords: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; artificial neural networks; support vector regression; zinc-air battery; state estimation; state of charge KW - Battery State Estimation Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-84-1117-173-1 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010274 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 275 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Thranow, Jan-Ole A1 - Gebing, Marcel A1 - Horsthemke, Ludwig A1 - Glösekötter, Peter T1 - Forschungsprojekt Zink-Luft-Akkumulator an der FH Münster JF - VDI Ingenieur forum N2 - Die wachsenden Anteile fluktuierender rege­nerativer Energien in der Energieversorgung (bis 2020 sollen 30 % und 2050 sogar So % des Stroms aus regenerativen Energiequellen stammen) sowie die Steigerung der Elektro­mobilität machen deutlich: Das Thema der Zwischenspeicherung elektrischer Energie ist von höchster gesellschaftlicher Relevanz und verlangt zwingend nach einer Lösung. Neue Technologien, die umweltfreundlich, sicher, leistungsfähig und bezahlbar zugleich sind, müssen deshalb entwickelt werden. KW - Zink-Luft-Akkumulator Y1 - 2020 VL - H 45620 IS - 2/2020 SP - 50 EP - 51 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Gebert, Ole A1 - Glösekötter, Peter T1 - End of charge detection of batteries with high production tolerances T2 - Proceedings ITISE-2019. Granada, 25th-27th September 2019 N2 - When developing new battery technologies, fundamental research means assembling new batteries by hand since a production line is not worthwhile for building and testing individual cells. This causes high production tolerances to occur because manual manufacturing is not as precise as machine-made. When putting these prototypes into operation, problems can arise due to the varying parameters. One of the most important exercise is finding a criterion of a full battery. This can be challenging when parameters like the capacity or the end of charge voltage are not precisely known due to the tolerances. Furthermore, new battery types do not necessarily rely on the same stopping criteria. For example zinc-air secondary batteries do not offer an end of charging voltage. Its charging current is not going to decrease when the battery is full and the charging voltage is held at a fixed value. But instead of de-oxidising zinc oxide, hydrogen is produced. In the majority of cases overcharging should be avoided as it harms the battery. Another even more dangerous consequence is the possibility of an explosion. Especially lithium based batteries are known for their need of compatible ambient and charging parameters. This paper proposes a new criterion for detecting the end of charge that is based on the rate of change of electrochemical impedance spectra of the examined batteries. Device parameter fluctuations influence every measurement. Therefore, using the rate of change offers the possibility to not depend on these fluctuations. KW - End of charge Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-84-17970-78-9 SP - 554 EP - 559 CY - Granada (Spain) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Gebert, Ole A1 - Heming, Daniel A1 - Sanders, Tilmann A1 - Glösekötter, Peter T1 - State of Charge estimation of zinc air batteries using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy JF - Neural Computing and Applications Y1 - 2018 VL - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Gebert, Ole A1 - Horsthemke, Ludwig A1 - Heming, Daniel A1 - Glösekötter, Peter T1 - State of Charge Depended Modeling of an Equivalent Circuit of Zinc Air Batteries Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy T2 - International Conference on Time Series and Forecasting: Proceedings of Papers, 19-21 September 2018, Granada (Spain) N2 - Metal air batteries provide a high energy density as the ca-thodic reaction uses the surrounding air. Different metals can be usedbut zinc is very promising due to its disposability and nontoxic behav-ior. State estimation is quite complicated as the voltage characteristicof the battery is rather flat. Especially estimating the state of chargeis important as a secondary electrolysis process during overcharging canlead to an unsafe state. Another technique for state estimation is theelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Therefore, this paper describesthe process of setup and measuring a time series of impedance spectraat known states of charge. Then these spectra are used to derive anequivalent circuit. Finally the development of the circuit’s parameter areanalyzed to extract most important parameters. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-84-17293-57-4 SP - 625 EP - 636 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Gebert, Ole A1 - Heming, Daniel A1 - Kallis, Klaus A1 - Glösekötter, Peter ED - Springer, Axel T1 - State estimation of zinc air batteries using neural networks T2 - IWANN 2017: Advances in Computational Intelligence N2 - The main task of battery management systems is to keep the working area of the battery in a safe state. Estimation of the state of charge and the state of health is therefore essential. The traditional way uses the voltage level of a battery to determine those values. Modern metal air batteries provide a flat voltage characteristic which necessitates new approaches. One promising technique is the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which measures the AC resistance for a set of different frequencies. Previous approaches match the measured impedances with a nonlinear equivalent circuit, which needs a lot of time to solve a nonlinear least-squares problem. This paper combines the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with neural networks to speed up the state estimation using the example of zinc air batteries. Moreover, these networks are trained with different subsets of the spectra as input data in order to determine the required number of frequencies. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-018-3705-9 SN - 0941-0643 VL - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löchte, Andre A1 - Heming, Daniel A1 - Gebert, Ole A1 - Horsthemke, Ludwig A1 - Glösekötter, Peter T1 - Oxygen consumption of zinc-air batteries and theirperformance at low oxygen concentration levels JF - 2018 16th Biennial Baltic Electronics Conference (BEC) N2 - Already existing primary Zinc-air batteries providea high energy density. Due to new secondary cells, its tech-nology can become an alternative for energy storage. Sincethese applications require a big amount of storable energy, theoxygen consumption has to be taken into account. This articledetermines the oxygen consumption of zinc-air batteries duringdischarging. Furthermore the performance of zinc-air batteries atlow oxygen concentrations is analyzed. Both aspects are validatedby practical experiments. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/BEC.2018.8600972 SP - 1 EP - 4 ER -