@article{KlemmWiese2022,
  author    = {Klemm, Christian and Wiese, Frauke},
  title     = {Indicators for the optimization of sustainable urban energy systems based on energy system modeling},
  series = {Energy, Sustainability and Society},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Energy, Sustainability and Society},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  doi       = {10.25974/fhms-14513},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-145136},
  pages     = {1 -- 20},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background: Urban energy systems are responsible for 75 \% of the world's energy consumption and for 70 \% of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Energy system models are used to optimize, benchmark and compare such energy systems with the help of energy sustainability indicators. We discuss several indicators for their basic suitability and their response to changing boundary conditions, system structures and reference values. The most suitable parameters are applied to four different supply scenarios of a real-world urban energy system. Results: There is a number of energy sustainability indicators, but not all of them are suitable for the use in urban energy system optimization models. Shortcomings originate from the omission of upstream energy supply chains (secondary energy efficiency), from limited capabilities to compare small energy systems (energy productivity), from excessive accounting expense (regeneration rate), from unsuitable accounting methods (primary energy efficiency), from a questionable impact of some indicators on the overall system sustainability (self-sufficiency), from the lack of detailed information content (share of renewables), and more. On the other hand, indicators of absolute greenhouse gas emissions, energy costs, and final energy demand are well suitable for the use in optimization models. However, each of these indicators only represents partial aspects of energy sustainability; the use of only one indicator in the optimization process increases the risk that other important aspects will deteriorate significantly, eventually leading to suboptimal or even unrealistic scenarios in practice. Therefore, multi-criteria approaches should be used to enable a more holistic optimization and planning of sustainable urban energy systems. Conclusion: We recommend multi-criteria optimization approaches using the indicators of absolute greenhouse gas emissions, absolute energy costs, and absolute energy demand. For benchmarking and comparison purposes, specific indicators should be used and therefore related to the final energy demand, respectively the number of inhabitants. Our example scenarios demonstrate modeling strategies to optimize sustainability of urban energy systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoernschemeyerSoefkerRienietsNiestenetal.2022,
  author    = {H{\"o}rnschemeyer, Birgitta and S{\"o}fker-Rieniets, Anne and Niesten, Jan and Arendt, Rosalie and Kleckers, Jonas and Klemm, Christian and Stretz, Celestin Julian and Reicher, Christa and Grimsehl-Schmitz, Winona and Wirbals, Daniel and Bach, Vanessa and Finkbeiner, Matthias and Haberkamp, Jens and Budde, Janik and Vennemann, Peter and Walter, Gotthard and Flamme, Sabine and Uhl, Mathias},
  title     = {The ResourcePlan — An Instrument for Resource-Efficient Development of Urban Neighborhoods},
  series = {Sustainability},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Sustainability},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  doi       = {10.25974/fhms-14854},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-148545},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In Germany, the current sectoral urban planning often leads to inefficient use of resources, partly because municipalities lack integrated planning instruments and argumentation strength toward politics, investors, or citizens. The paper develops the ResourcePlan as (i) legal and (ii) a planning instrument to support the efficient use of resources in urban neighborhoods. The integrative, multi-methodological approach addresses the use of natural resources in the building and infrastructural sectors of (i) water (storm- and wastewater) management, (ii) construction and maintenance of buildings and infrastructure, (iii) urban energy system planning, and (iv) land-use planning. First, the development as legal instrument is carried out, providing (i) premises for integrating resource protection at all legal levels and (ii) options for implementing the ResourcePlan within German municipal structures. Second, the evaluation framework for resource efficiency of the urban neighborhoods is set up for usage as a planning instrument. The framework provides a two-stage process that runs through the phases of setting up and implementing the ResourcePlan. (Eco)system services are evaluated as well as life cycle assessment and economic aspects. As a legal instrument, the ResourcePlan integrates resource protection into municipal planning and decision-making processes. The multi-methodological evaluation framework helps to assess inter-disciplinary resource efficiency, supports the spatial identification of synergies and conflicting goals, and contributes to transparent, resource-optimized planning decisions.},
  language  = {de}
}