@article{GitzenSchmidtMartin2024,
  author    = {Gitzen, Harald and Schmidt, Jennifer and Martin, Alexandra},
  title     = {Subjective and physiological reactivity to emotional stressors in somatic symptom disorder},
  series = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {2024},
  journal   = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
  number    = {195},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112273},
  pages     = {112273 -- 112273},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Objective: We examined whether autonomic flexibility to experimentally presented stressors is reduced in somatic symptom disorder (SSD) as this would point to reduced vagal control as a proposed indicator of emotion regulation deficits. Method: In this experimental study, the influence of health-related and social stressors on subjective and physiological reactivity was investigated in 29 subjects with SSD without any medical condition SSD(mc-), 33 subjects with SSD with medical condition SSD(mc+) and 32 healthy controls at the age from 18 to 70 years. Self-report and physiological variables were measured before and after/during stressor exposure, using state ratings of symptom intensity, disability, tension and mood, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV). Results: Overall, the tension increased and the mood worsened after exposure to stressors compared to pre-exposure. Compared to HC, the two SSD groups showed higher symptom intensity, disability, tension and worse mood. The SSD(mc-) group revealed higher HR than HC (p = .012, d = -0.77). Compared to pre-exposure, symptom impairment increased after social stressor exposure in SSD(mc-) (p < .001, d = 1.36). HRV-root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) only decreased in HC during exposure (p = .003, d = -1.09), not in the SSD groups. The two SSD groups did not differ in their reactivity to stressors. Conclusion: HRV in SSD, seems to respond less flexibly to stressors, potentially reflecting overall physiological disturbance through reduced parasympathetic influence on HR. Stress reactivity in SSD(mc-) and SSD(mc+) do not seem to differ.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GallinatSchmidt2024,
  author    = {Gallinat, Christina and Schmidt, Jennifer},
  title     = {Trichotillomanie, Skin-Picking-St{\"o}rung und andere k{\"o}rperbezogene repetitive Verhaltensst{\"o}rungen in der ICD-11},
  series = {Die Psychotherapie},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {Die Psychotherapie},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00278-024-00718-5},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In der 11. Version der Internationalen statistischen Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme (ICD-11) findet sich erstmals die Kategorie der K{\"o}rperbezogenen repetitiven Verhaltensst{\"o}rungen (engl. „body-focused repetitive behavior disorders", BFRBDs), die u. a. die Trichotillomanie (TTM) sowie die Skin-Picking-St{\"o}rung (SPS) enth{\"a}lt und dem Zwangsspektrum zugeordnet ist. Diese Neuerung umfasst sowohl die Neukategorisierung der TTM, die in der ICD-10 noch bei den „abnormen Gewohnheiten und St{\"o}rungen der Impulskontrolle" verortet war, als auch die erstmalige Einf{\"u}hrung einer eigenst{\"a}ndigen Diagnose f{\"u}r die SPS. Trotz beachtlicher Pr{\"a}valenzen (TTM: 1-2 \%; SPS: 1,4-3,1 \%) wurden die TTM und die SPS bislang in Fachkreisen wenig beachtet, was sich neben einem hohen Forschungsbedarf - auch in Bezug auf die nosologische Verortung - insbesondere in mangelhaften Versorgungsangeboten widerspiegelt. Bez{\"u}glich der Einordnung im Zwangsspektrum ist kritisch anzumerken, dass die St{\"o}rungsbilder zwar {\"A}hnlichkeiten mit der Zwangsst{\"o}rung zeigen, aber dennoch fundamentale Unterschiede in Symptomatik, {\"A}tiologie und Behandlung zu beachten sind. In diesem Kontext sollte davon abgesehen werden, TTM und SPS pauschal als Zwangsst{\"o}rungen zu bezeichnen. Vielmehr sollten die individuellen Besonderheiten der BFRBD, die sich bei Betroffenen durch eine impulshafte, zwanghafte oder auch suchtartige Ph{\"a}nomenologie {\"a}ußern k{\"o}nnen, individuell und differenziert analysiert und behandelt werden, um die bestm{\"o}gliche Versorgung zu gew{\"a}hrleisten. Insgesamt bietet die Einf{\"u}hrung der BFRBD-Kategorie mit einer eigenst{\"a}ndigen Diagnose f{\"u}r die SPS in der ICD-11 wichtige Chancen zur Verbesserung der Forschungs- und Versorgungslage.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidtGallinatMartin2023,
  author    = {Schmidt, Jennifer and Gallinat, Christina and Martin, Alexandra},
  title     = {Appearance-related concerns in individuals with Pathological Skin Picking - A comparison with individuals with dermatological conditions and skin-healthy controls},
  series = {Frontiers in Medicine},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Medicine},
  doi       = {10.3389/fmed.2023.1075743},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Pathological Skin Picking (PSP) is an excessive behavior which characterizes Skin Picking Disorder. Individuals repeatedly pick their skin and cause skin lesions, but are unable to control the behavior, which can cause severe distress. Visible self-inflicted skin lesions can additionally affect individuals with PSP due to emerging appearance-related concerns. However, these concerns and their role in PSP have hardly been studied, especially not in comparison with individuals with dermatological conditions and skin-healthy controls. The present cross-sectional study (n=453, 83.9\% female, 15.9\% male, 0.2\% diverse) aimed at analyzing appearance-related concerns and mental health outcomes between four groups: Individuals with PSP and dermatological conditions (SP/DC; n=83), PSP without dermatological conditions (SP; n=56), dermatological conditions without PSP (DC; n=176) and skin-healthy controls (SH, n=138). We compared questionnaire data on dysmorphic concerns, appearance-based rejection sensitivity, and body dysmorphic symptoms, as well as PSP-symptoms and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and self-esteem) between groups. The analyses showed a significant multivariate group effect in the appearance-related variables, F(6, 896)=19.92, Wilks' Λ=0.78, p<.001, and mental health outcomes, F(6, 896)=16.24, Wilks' Λ=0.81, p<.001. The SP/DC group had the strongest appearance-related concerns and mental health impairments, followed by the SP group, the DC group and the SH group. The SP/DC group and SP group only differed significantly with regard to dysmorphic concerns, but not in other variables. The DC group was less affected but still showed higher dysmorphic concerns and mental health impairments than skin-healthy controls. In contrast to the PSP groups, the other two groups did not exceed clinically relevant cut-off scores. The present study shows that individuals with PSP exhibit strong appearance-related concerns, regardless of the presence or absence of underlying or comorbid dermatological conditions. These findings shed new light on the importance of appearance-related concerns in skin picking disorder and the role of PSP as a potentially overlooked risk factor in dermatological patients. Therefore, appearance-related concerns should be explicitly addressed in dermatological and psychotherapeutic settings. Future studies should also include longitudinal and experimental analyses to more clearly classify the role of appearance-related concerns in the etiology of PSP and skin picking disorder.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{MartinSchmidt2023,
  author    = {Martin, Alexandra and Schmidt, Jennifer},
  title     = {Biofeedback und Neurofeedback},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  isbn      = {978-3-8017-2229-6},
  publisher      = {FH M{\"u}nster - University of Applied Sciences},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Biofeedback beschreibt eine technikbasierte verhaltenstherapeutische Methode, bei der objektiv messbare Biosignale erfasst und an Patientinnen und Patienten zur{\"u}ckgemeldet werden, um sie zur Selbstregulation von Krankheitssymptomen zu bef{\"a}higen. Eingesetzt werden kann die Methode bei verschiedenen somatischen und psychischen St{\"o}rungen, z. B. zur Verringerung muskul{\"a}rer Verspannungen bei Schmerzst{\"o}rungen, zur Verengung von Blutgef{\"a}ßen bei Migr{\"a}ne, zur Steigerung der mit Aufmerksamkeit assoziierten Gehirnaktivit{\"a}t bei ADHS oder zur Verbesserung der allgemeinen Entspannungsf{\"a}higkeit. Dieses Buch beschreibt die wissenschaftlichen und psychophysiologischen Hintergr{\"u}nde von Biofeedback und der spezifischen Variante des Neurofeedback, welches auf der Messung der Gehirnaktivit{\"a}t beruht. Neben den angenommenen Wirkmechanismen und vielf{\"a}ltigen Varianten des Biofeedbacks auf Basis unterschiedlicher Biosignale und K{\"o}rpersysteme, z. B. Herz-Kreislauf-System, Muskelsystem, autonomes und zentrales Nervensystem, wird die zugrunde liegende Messtechnik erkl{\"a}rt. Zus{\"a}tzlich werden der typische Aufbau von Biofeedback-Sitzungen, die zugeh{\"o}rige Diagnostik sowie Standardprotokolle dargestellt. Das Vorgehen wird anhand von Fallbeispielen verschiedener St{\"o}rungsbilder veranschaulicht. Erl{\"a}uterungen zu typischen Anwendungsproblemen sollen ebenso zum Einsatz dieser vielseitigen Methode in der therapeutischen Praxis motivieren, wie der ausf{\"u}hrliche {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die aktuelle Evidenz f{\"u}r Biofeedback. Das Buch ist damit eine Bereicherung f{\"u}r therapeutisch arbeitende Personen, die dieses auf objektiven Messungen basierende Verfahren einsetzen wollen, um ihr Behandlungsspektrum zu erweitern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{OpwisBartelSalewskietal.2023,
  author    = {Opwis, Mareile and Bartel, Eva Catrin and Salewski, Christel and Schmidt, Jennifer},
  title     = {Sorry—Bad Habit! Validation of the German Self-Report Habit Index with a Test for Its Relation to Potentially Addictive Forms of Health-Risk Behaviors},
  series = {International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction},
  journal   = {International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction},
  issn      = {1557-1882},
  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01057-3},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Habits are highly automated behaviors that have received renewed attention in addiction research. The Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) is a widely used measure of habits. Two cross-sectional online studies aimed at validating a German version of the SRHI to assess two everyday health-risk behaviors: caffeine consumption and smartphone/tablet use. In both studies (N = 1310), the SRHI scales (one adapted for caffeine consumption, one for smartphone/tablet use), as well as corresponding addiction scales and health outcomes (study 1), or established validity measures (study 2), were assessed. Both SRHI scales showed satisfying item characteristics, high internal consistencies (αs > .90), adequate construct validity, and a three-factorial solution with a satisfying model fit (CFI/TLIs > .95, SRMRs ≤ 0.05). Highest correlations emerged between SRHI and addiction scales. The studies show that the German SRHI can be used to validly assess health-risk behaviors. The observed strong correlations of the SRHI scales with addiction scales suggest that (self-reported) habit is indeed an important aspect to consider in addiction research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaufeldDeConinckSchmidtetal.2022,
  author    = {Kaufeld, Mara and De Coninck, Katharina and Schmidt, Jennifer and Hecht, Heiko},
  title     = {Chewing gum reduces visually induced motion sickness},
  series = {Experimental Brain Research},
  journal   = {Experimental Brain Research},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00221-021-06303-5},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is a common side-effect of exposure to virtual reality (VR). Its unpleasant symptoms may limit the acceptance of VR technologies for training or clinical purposes. Mechanical stimulation of the mastoid and diverting attention to pleasant stimuli-like odors or music have been found to ameliorate VIMS. Chewing gum combines both in an easy-to-administer fashion and should thus be an effective countermeasure against VIMS. Our study investigated whether gustatory-motor stimulation by chewing gum leads to a reduction of VIMS symptoms. 77 subjects were assigned to three experimental groups (control, peppermint gum, and ginger gum) and completed a 15-min virtual helicopter flight, using a VR head-mounted display. Before and after VR exposure, we assessed VIMS with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), and during the virtual flight once every minute with the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (FMS). Chewing gum (peppermint gum: M = 2.44, SD = 2.67; ginger gum: M = 2.57, SD = 3.30) reduced the peak FMS scores by 2.05 (SE = 0.76) points as compared with the control group (M = 4.56, SD = 3.52), p < 0.01, d = 0.65. Additionally, taste ratings correlated slightly negatively with both the SSQ and the peak FMS scores, suggesting that pleasant taste of the chewing gum is associated with less VIMS. Thus, chewing gum may be useful as an affordable, accepted, and easy-to-access way to mitigate VIMS in numerous applications like education or training. Possible mechanisms behind the effect are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GallinatHungerSchmidt2022,
  author    = {Gallinat, Christina and Hunger, Antje and Schmidt, Jennifer},
  title     = {Symptomatik, {\"A}tiologie und Behandlung der Trichotillomanie},
  series = {Verhaltenstherapie \& Verhaltensmedizin},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Verhaltenstherapie \& Verhaltensmedizin},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1865-9985},
  pages     = {77 -- 96},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Trichotillomanie (TTM) ist durch repetitives Haareausreißen charakterisiert, was zu signifikantem Haarverlust, einem hohen Leidensdruck und Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen in wesentlichen Lebensbereichen f{\"u}hrt. Sch{\"a}tzungsweise ein bis zwei Prozent der Allgemeinbev{\"o}lkerung leiden unter TTM. Gemeinsam mit anderen pathologischen k{\"o}rperbezogenen repetitiven Verhaltensweisen ist TTM in DSM-5 und ICD-11 dem Zwangsspektrum zugeordnet. In der {\"A}tiologie stehen lerntheoretische Modelle im Vordergrund. Zur Behandlung wird die Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie empfohlen, wobei insbesondere Nachweise zur Effektivit{\"a}t des Habit-Reversal-Trainings vorliegen. Derzeit liegt keine evidenzbasierte Empfehlung f{\"u}r eine spezifische pharmakologische Behandlung vor. TTM ist bis heute ein wenig erforschtes und in der Praxis unzureichend bekanntes St{\"o}rungsbild. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber den aktuellen Forschungsstand und allgemeine Handlungsempfehlungen f{\"u}r die Praxis.},
  language  = {de}
}
@incollection{Schmidt2021,
  author    = {Schmidt, Jennifer},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung angewandter Psychologie f{\"u}r die Wirtschaft},
  series = {Eventpsychologie / Hrsg. Steffen Ronfft},
  booktitle = {Eventpsychologie / Hrsg. Steffen Ronfft},
  publisher = {Springer Gabler},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  isbn      = {978-3-658-28887-7},
  publisher      = {FH M{\"u}nster - University of Applied Sciences},
  pages     = {21 -- 42},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidtMartin2021,
  author    = {Schmidt, Jennifer and Martin, Alexandra},
  title     = {Smartphone-Apps zur Verbesserung der K{\"o}rperzufriedenheit? Ergebnisse einer randomisierten kontrollierten Pilotstudie zur mobilen „attention-bias modification"},
  series = {Psychotherapeut},
  volume    = {66},
  journal   = {Psychotherapeut},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00278-021-00517-2},
  pages     = {306 -- 313},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchlueterKraagSchmidt2021,
  author    = {Schl{\"u}ter, Constanze and Kraag, Gerda and Schmidt, Jennifer},
  title     = {Body Shaming: an Exploratory Study on its Definition and Classification.},
  series = {International Journal of Bullying Prevention},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {International Journal of Bullying Prevention},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1007/s42380-020-00073-4},
  pages     = {182 -- 195},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Body shaming (BS) is a popular term for a type of negative social interaction, which frequently occurs in social media. However, there is a lack of a clear scientific definition of BS and data on its relation to other concepts in social aggression research. The present study therefore aimed at providing a definition and classification of BS. In an exploratory online-study, 25 participants (60\%) provided personal definitions of BS and rated the fit of a suggested definition. In addition, they reported similarities with and differences to related concepts (appearance teasing, cyberbullying, trolling). We conducted qualitative analyses of the verbal definitions guided by the Grounded Theory approach and quantified the fit to existing concepts in the field of social aggression. The results show that BS is perceived as an unrepeated act in which a person expresses unsolicited, mostly negative opinions/comments about a target's body, without necessarily intending to harm him/her. Still, the target perceives the comments as negative. BS can range from well-meant advice to malevolent insults and it can occur online and offline. Participants saw similarities between BS and appearance teasing. BS can be a tool for trolling and can evolve to cyberbullying with repetition over time. Altogether, BS is a form of social aggression that has a negative impact on individuals. The definition and classification help to investigate BS and its effects on body image and mental health in future research.},
  language  = {en}
}