@article{OpwisBartelSalewskietal.2023,
  author    = {Opwis, Mareile and Bartel, Eva Catrin and Salewski, Christel and Schmidt, Jennifer},
  title     = {Sorry—Bad Habit! Validation of the German Self-Report Habit Index with a Test for Its Relation to Potentially Addictive Forms of Health-Risk Behaviors},
  series = {International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction},
  journal   = {International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction},
  issn      = {1557-1882},
  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01057-3},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Habits are highly automated behaviors that have received renewed attention in addiction research. The Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) is a widely used measure of habits. Two cross-sectional online studies aimed at validating a German version of the SRHI to assess two everyday health-risk behaviors: caffeine consumption and smartphone/tablet use. In both studies (N = 1310), the SRHI scales (one adapted for caffeine consumption, one for smartphone/tablet use), as well as corresponding addiction scales and health outcomes (study 1), or established validity measures (study 2), were assessed. Both SRHI scales showed satisfying item characteristics, high internal consistencies (αs > .90), adequate construct validity, and a three-factorial solution with a satisfying model fit (CFI/TLIs > .95, SRMRs ≤ 0.05). Highest correlations emerged between SRHI and addiction scales. The studies show that the German SRHI can be used to validly assess health-risk behaviors. The observed strong correlations of the SRHI scales with addiction scales suggest that (self-reported) habit is indeed an important aspect to consider in addiction research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaumeisterGardemannFobkeretal.2021,
  author    = {Baumeister, Anna and Gardemann, Joachim and Fobker, Manfred and Spiegler, Verena and Fischer, Tobias},
  title     = {Short-Term Influence of Caffeine and Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Ketogenesis: A Controlled Double-Blind Intervention Study},
  series = {Hindawi Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism},
  volume    = {Volume 2021, Article ID 1861567},
  journal   = {Hindawi Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism},
  doi       = {10.25974/fhms-13806},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:836-opus-138069},
  pages     = {1 -- 9},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background. Ketone bodies are a highly relevant topic in nutrition and medicine. -e influence of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on ketogenesis is well known and has been successfully used in ketogenic diets for many years. Nevertheless, the effects of MCTs and coconut oil on the production of ketone bodies have only partially been investigated. Furthermore, the increased mobilisation of free fatty acids and release of catabolic hormones by caffeine suggest an influence of caffeine on ketogenesis. Methods. In a controlled, double-blind intervention study, seven young healthy subjects received 10mL of tricaprylin (C8), tricaprin (C10), C8/C10 (50\% C8, 50\% C10), or coconut oil with or without 150 mg of caffeine, in 250mL of decaffeinated coffee, over ten interventions. At baseline and after every 40 minutes, for 4 h, ßHB and glucose in capillary blood as well as caffeine in saliva were measured. Furthermore, questionnaires were used to survey sensory properties, side effects, and awareness of hunger and satiety. Results. -e interventions with caffeine caused an increase in ßHB levels—in particular, the interventions with C8 highly impacted ketogenesis. -e effect decreased with increased chain lengths. All interventions showed a continuous increase in hunger and diminishing satiety. Mild side effects (total � 12) occurred during the interventions. Conclusions. -e present study demonstrated an influence of caffeine and MCTon ketogenesis. -eaddition of caffeine showed an additive effect on the ketogenic potential of MCT and coconut oil. C8 showed the highest ketogenicity.},
  language  = {en}
}